Education

Research Description

Catalytic Conversion of Animal Manure into Biochar and Liquid Oils, Catalytic Oxidation of Lignin Into Value-Added Aromatics - CBERD Core Project, Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Swine Facilities via Adsorption: Technical and Economical Evaluation, Manure Belt Collection System and Energy Recovery System, Modeling Airflow in the Brooks Gasification Process, Spawning Activity of Mud Minnows (Fundulus heteroclitis) in Tank-based Systems for the Production of Baitfi,

Publications

A review of the impact of environmental factors on the fate and transport of coronaviruses in aqueous environments

Paul, D., Kolar, P., & Hall, S. G. (2021). [Review of , ]. NPJ CLEAN WATER, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-00096-w

Characterization data of N-doped biochars using different external nitrogen precursors

Kasera, N., Hall, S., & Kolar, P. (2021, April), DATA IN BRIEF, Vol. 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106870

Effect of surface modification by nitrogen-containing chemicals on morphology and surface characteristics of N-doped pine bark biochars

Kasera, N., Hall, S., & Kolar, P. (2021), JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105161

Exploratory analysis of Spirulina platensis LB 2340 growth in varied concentrations of anaerobically digested pig effluent (ADPE)

Baker, M., Blackman, S., Cooper, E., Smartt, K., Walser, D., Boland, M., … Chinn, M. S. (2021), HELIYON. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08065

Pretreatment of Switchgrass for Production of Glucose via Sulfonic Acid-Impregnated Activated Carbon

Ansanay, Y., Kolar, P., Sharma-Shivappa, R., Cheng, J., & Arellano, C. (2021), PROCESSES, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030504

Effect of cellulolytic enzyme binding on lignin isolated from alkali and acid pretreated switchgrass on enzymatic hydrolysis

Jung, W., Sharma-Shivappa, R., Park, S., & Kolar, P. (2020), 3 BIOTECH, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1978-z

Recycled eggshells as precursors for iron-impregnated calcium oxide catalysts for partial oxidation of methane

Karoshi, G., Kolar, P., Shah, S. B., & Gilleskie, G. (2020), BIORESOURCES AND BIOPROCESSING, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-020-00336-4

Baseline characterization data for raw rice husk

Kolar, P., & Jin, H. (2019, August), DATA IN BRIEF, Vol. 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104219

Effect of Enzyme Interaction with Lignin Isolated from Pretreated Miscanthus x giganteus on Cellulolytic Efficiency

Jung, W., Sharma-Shivappa, R., & Kolar, P. (2019), PROCESSES, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100755

Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatment on Lignin Monomeric Components of Miscanthus x giganteus and Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Jung, W., Savithri, D., Sharma-Shivappa, R., & Kolar, P. (2019), WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00859-8

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Grants

Ethanol Fermentation Assessment

Rayonier Advanced Materials, Inc.(11/01/21 - 3/31/22)

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Ethanol Fermentation Assessment

Sponsor: Rayonier Advanced Materials, Inc.

Start Date: 11/01/21

End Date: 3/31/22

Abstract

An ethanologenic, WT, non-GMO strain of yeast from Rayonier will be assessed for viability. If viable, cells will be propagated and cultured for further fermentation work. A multitude of culture tubes will be placed in a -80C freezer for preservation. A liquid sample from an existing pulp mill, termed “liquor”, will be characterized and assessed for biotoxicity. The soluble sugars in the liquor will be fermented to ethanol using RYAM’s yeast strain. If needed, commercially available yeast, such as Ethanol Red, will also be used per RYAM’s instruction. A series of process variables, as prescribed by RYAM, will be assessed to identify optimal parameters for ethanol productivity and yield.

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Enzyme Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion (2E-AD) of Source Separated Organics and Municipal Solid Waste

Novozymes(10/11/21 - 5/13/22)

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Enzyme Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion (2E-AD) of Source Separated Organics and Municipal Solid Waste

Sponsor: Novozymes

Start Date: 10/11/21

End Date: 5/13/22

Abstract

Utilization of various organic waste materials for low-carbon energy production has made significant contributions to environmental protection and sustainable development. Novozymes and North Carolina State University (NCSU) have a common interest in promoting and optimizing bioenergy production from organic waste materials with enzymes. Specifically, we will work collaboratively to develop and optimize an enzyme enhanced anaerobic digestion (2E-AD) bioprocess from source separated organics (SSO) and municipal solid waste (MSW) in this proposed project.

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Identification of early indicators of Necrotic enteritis disease in broiler chickens

United States Poultry & Egg Association(9/01/21 - 8/31/22)

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Identification of early indicators of Necrotic enteritis disease in broiler chickens

Sponsor: United States Poultry & Egg Association

Start Date: 9/01/21

End Date: 8/31/22

Abstract

Problem: In this age of ‘no antibiotic ever’ farming, the re-emerging Necrotic enteritis (NE) disease caused by Clostridium perfringens have posed a major economically important health concern in poultry, particularly in the broiler population. Identifying early-stage indicators of NE can help initiate prompt disease control measures, thus enabling judicious use of antibiotics on the broiler farms. Research has shown a significant correlation between the pattern and concentrations of specific class of volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as reduced Sulphur compounds (RSC) and the occurrence of various enteric diseases. With the aid of USPOULTRY funding, we have previously developed a portable low-cost sensor system for measuring ammonia in poultry houses. Here, we propose to identify early-stage NE-specific VOC, specifically RSC in the air, as physiological markers of NE development. Furthermore, our findings will be applied for developing a method suitable for identifying rapid and reliable NE detection precision tech-tools. Objective : To identify specific VOC/ RSC patterns associated with early NE stages and develop a method suitable for devising rapid and reliable precision-based air-analysis tools. Approach: We will first reproduce NE in broilers using an experimental C. perfringens challenge model. Next, the subtle changes in the air VOC, including RSC composition during different stages of NE disease progression will be evaluated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique and identify specific VOC pattern associated with the early stages of NE. Finally, we will validate GC-MS method findings with precision portable handheld VOC sensor devices. Industry value: The proposed work aims to identify specific VOC/RSC patterns associated with early stages C. perfringens infections with high reliability and thus, aid in developing an effective sensor-based platform for rapid detection of NE. This work is industry application oriented such that our science and technology interface would yield value-added means for the poultry producers to use in empowering them to grow chickens with no or judicious use of on-farm antibiotics.

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Miscanthus Biochar Potential as A Poultry Litter Amendment

NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services(3/31/21 - 9/30/22)

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Miscanthus Biochar Potential as A Poultry Litter Amendment

Sponsor: NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services

Start Date: 3/31/21

End Date: 9/30/22

Abstract

The goal of this project is to identify a valuable use for bioenergy bioenergy byproduct (biochar) within the NC poultry sector. Such use can improve the economic outlook of miscanthus adoption as well as its utilization in bioenergy generation. As such, this project aims at assessing the benefits of using miscanthus-derived biochar as a poultry litter additive. Poultry litter additives are typically used to reduce litter ammonia concentration, as well as control pathogenic microorganisms and reduce pests which, without intervention, can reduce poultry productivity and welfare. Currently, the industry relies on commercial treatment additives, such as alum or PLT ®, which can be a significant cost to production and require repeated additions to maintain benefits. This project aims at assessing the impact of biochar production conditions and treatment on ammonia emissions from broiler litter.

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Demonstration of a Low-Cost Engineered Windbreak Wall-Vegetative Strip System for Reducing Odor Emissions from Livestock Barns

NC Department of Justice (NCDOJ)(1/01/21 - 12/31/23)

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Demonstration of a Low-Cost Engineered Windbreak Wall-Vegetative Strip System for Reducing Odor Emissions from Livestock Barns

Sponsor: NC Department of Justice (NCDOJ)

Start Date: 1/01/21

End Date: 12/31/23

Abstract

North Carolina is the biggest producer of confined livestock, poultry and swine. While confined livestock production is economically efficient, it can have substantial environmental impacts, on soil, water, and air qualities. Emissions from livestock barns have significant impacts on the environment, public health, and quality of life, particularly, due to odors. Odor emission have resulted in multiple lawsuits and judgments against the NC swine industry, that have the potential to damage the sustainability of the swine industry and perhaps, poultry industry. This may even damage NC's agricultural economy. The low-cost windbreak wall - vegetative strip system has been shown to reduce odor emissions by nearly 80% 10 m in front of swine and poultry house fans. The system comprises of a mosquito screen covering all the exhaust fans framed with dimension lumber. A 30-cm opening under the front screen prevents excessive pressure rise and is screened by a strip of switchgrass that traps dust and absorbs odorous gases. The system reduces exhaust emissions through the front screen and increases emissions through the top and sides, and thus improves dilution and reduce horizontal odor transport. Since dust transports odorous gases, the system also reduces odor emissions by trapping dust. The system also reduces water pollution by reducing dust collection in drainage swales between barns that can be transported into receiving waters. We propose to demonstrate the system in a swine and broiler barn to stakeholders to increase the use and adoption of this low-cost system to reduce odor emissions and increase sustainability of confined livestock production in NC.

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Systems-Based Integrated Program for Enhancing the Sustainability of Antibiotic-Restricted Poultry Production

US Dept. of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA NIFA)(9/15/20 - 9/14/22)

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Systems-Based Integrated Program for Enhancing the Sustainability of Antibiotic-Restricted Poultry Production

Sponsor: US Dept. of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA NIFA)

Start Date: 9/15/20

End Date: 9/14/22

Abstract

Dr. Thakur will be responsible for the overall coordination and successful completion of the relevant project objectives that will be carried out in NC. He has extensive experience in conducting epidemiological based studies and will lead this project. He will be responsible for coordinating the sampling effort in NC, sample processing and pathogen isolation followed by characterization of the isolates. Dr. Thakur lab has the necessary infrastructure to perform phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates. His lab has an Illumina MiSeq that will be used for the 16sRNA and metagenomic sequencing of the samples collected in the proposed study. Finally, he will work closely with the rest of the team and will communicate research results in a timely manner.

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FACT: Pigs, Poultry, the Planet, and Data-driven Problem Solving (P4)

US Dept. of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA NIFA)(2/15/19 - 2/14/24)

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FACT: Pigs, Poultry, the Planet, and Data-driven Problem Solving (P4)

Sponsor: US Dept. of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA NIFA)

Start Date: 2/15/19

End Date: 2/14/24

Abstract

This project will address the food animal production industry’s need for professionals and extension specialists who possess the skills needed to thrive in today’s data-rich world. The long-term goal of this project is to meet increasing meat demands across the global market through sustainable intensification, thereby also broadening export opportunities for American meat producers. To meet this goal and address a critical shortage of personnel who are data analytics-aware, the food animal production workforce needs to be modernized with professionals and extension specialists who possess data literacy and holistic problem-solving skills. We will create a 10-week summer program dedicated to supplying the workforce with students trained in these three proficiency areas. This summer program, titled the Pigs, Poultry, the Planet, and data-driven Problem Solving (P4) Summer Fellowship Program, will prepare undergraduate students for contemporary careers in food animal production, and specifically target the swine and poultry production industries.

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Ammonia Recovery from Swine Wastewater with Selective Membrane Technology

Murphy-Brown, LLC (was Murphy Farms)(9/20/12 - 8/31/16)

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Ammonia Recovery from Swine Wastewater with Selective Membrane Technology

Sponsor: Murphy-Brown, LLC (was Murphy Farms)

Start Date: 9/20/12

End Date: 8/31/16

Abstract

A common waste management technique in swine production is to use water to flush manure from under floor pits to a lagoon for anaerobic treatment and storage prior to land application as fertilizer. A large fraction of the ammonia nitrogen is lost in this system through volatilization from the lagoon and from the spray fields. With the high cost of nitrogen fertilizer and increased emphasis on preventing environmental and ecologIical contamination, many producers would welcome a system that makes better use of manure nutrients, particularly to fertilize animal feed crops. The swine production industry is widely dispersed relative to the primary production of corn and soybeans in the Midwest; therefore more efficient nutrient recovery must be accompanied by greater nutrient concentration to reduce transportation costs. A new process developed by USDA-ARS scientists (Vanotti, M.B. and Szogi, A.A, US Patent Application SN 13/164,363, June 20, 2011) includes the passage of gaseous (or free) ammonia through a microporous hydrophobic membrane and subsequent capture and concentration in an acidic stripping solution on the other side of the membrane. This project will demonstrate this gas permeable ammonia-selective membrane system in three different manure collection systems: the NCSU under floor belt system (current CIG demonstration under NRCS Agreement #69-3A75-10-165), an under floor scraper system, and a mesophilic anaerobic digester. The purpose of the project is to remove at least 50% of the ammonia nitrogen in a concentrated form that can be economically moved off the farm and managed as a valuable resource. The project plan is to develop a modular mobile membrane ammonia recovery system with appropriate tanks, pumps and supplies; this mobile system will be moved to each of three sites where effluent will be stored in an on-site tank. The membrane ammonia recovery module will be connected into the on-site tank and ammonia will be removed into the acid solution on the mobile unit. Evaluation will quantify the mass and fraction of ammonia removal, the mass and fraction of ammonia left for on-site application, the final concentration, and the required processing time. Economic analysis will predict the value of the final product and the cost at different distances from the farm at different fuel price points. The project is innovative in that this is the first viable system to concentrate ammonia nitrogen for better management rather than removing wastewater or reducing the ammonia to nitrogen gas. We expect to develop design and operational guidelines in order to transfer this technology for adaptation as an on-farm system or expand the system to treat larger amounts of wastewater. This project builds on both the existing CIG demonstration of the under floor belt system and the patented work of USDA-ARS scientists.

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Ammonia Recovery from Swine Wastewater with Selective Membrane Technology

NC Pork Council(9/20/12 - 8/31/16)

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Ammonia Recovery from Swine Wastewater with Selective Membrane Technology

Sponsor: NC Pork Council

Start Date: 9/20/12

End Date: 8/31/16

Abstract

A common waste management technique in swine production is to use water to flush manure from under floor pits to a lagoon for anaerobic treatment and storage prior to land application as fertilizer. A large fraction of the ammonia nitrogen is lost in this system through volatilization from the lagoon and from the spray fields. With the high cost of nitrogen fertilizer and increased emphasis on preventing environmental and ecological contamination, many producers would welcome a system that makes better use of manure nutrients, particularly to fertilize animal feed crops. The swine production industry is widely dispersed relative to the primary production of corn and soybeans in the Midwest; therefore more efficient nutrient recovery must be accompanied by greater nutrient concentration to reduce transportation costs. A new process developed by USDA-ARS scientists (Vanotti, M.B. and Szogi, A.A, US Patent Application SN 13/164,363, June 20, 2011) includes the passage of gaseous (or free) ammonia through a microporous hydrophobic membrane and subsequent capture and concentration in an acidic stripping solution on the other side of the membrane. This project will demonstrate this gas permeable ammonia-selective membrane system in three different manure collection systems: the NCSU under floor belt system (current CIG demonstration under NRCS Agreement #69-3A75-10-165), an under floor scraper system, and a mesophilic anaerobic digester. The purpose of the project is to remove at least 50% of the ammonia nitrogen in a concentrated form that can be economically moved off the farm and managed as a valuable resource. The project plan is to develop a modular mobile membrane ammonia recovery system with appropriate tanks, pumps and supplies; this mobile system will be moved to each of three sites where effluent will be stored in an on-site tank. The membrane ammonia recovery module will be connected into the on-site tank and ammonia will be removed into the acid solution on the mobile unit. Evaluation will quantify the mass and fraction of ammonia removal, the mass and fraction of ammonia left for on-site application, the final concentration, and the required processing time. Economic analysis will predict the value of the final product and the cost at different distances from the farm at different fuel price points. The project is innovative in that this is the first viable system to concentrate ammonia nitrogen for better management rather than removing wastewater or reducing the ammonia to nitrogen gas. We expect to develop design and operational guidelines in order to transfer this technology for adaptation as an on-farm system or expand the system to treat larger amounts of wastewater. This project builds on both the existing CIG demonstration of the under floor belt system and the patented work of USDA-ARS scientists.

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Combined Heat Recovery and Ammonia Control System for Broiler Brooding

United States Poultry & Egg Association(1/01/15 - 12/01/17)

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Combined Heat Recovery and Ammonia Control System for Broiler Brooding

Sponsor: United States Poultry & Egg Association

Start Date: 1/01/15

End Date: 12/01/17

Abstract

During brooding, temperature difference of up to 20ï‚°F between the ceiling and floor of a poultry house during brooding can cause substantial heat loss through the ceiling and increase cost of heating to the producer. This temperature stratification and energy use can be greatly reduced using mixing fans but recirculating the warm air collecting near the ceiling to the chicks or poults near the floor also brings down the ammonia-laden air into the breathing zone of the birds. Combining the heat recovery unit with an ammonia filtration system could reduce energy use as well as ammonia concentrations at bird height and may thus improve bird performance. Reduced propane use would also reduce CO2, CO, and water vapor concentrations inside the barn and may thus provide additional benefits to the birds. The proposed heat recovery and ammonia control (HRAC) system will consist of a fan and a filter. The filter will be a thin layer of acidified activated carbon (AC) which can sorb ammonia and amines (very odorous) and can be added back into the litter to recycle the nitrogen. Lab tests will be conducted to select the proper AC medium and to design the filter system. The HRAC will be designed using computational fluid dynamics for cost-effectiveness. Five units of the HRAC will be fabricated and after lab testing, will be deployed in the brood chamber of broiler houses for testing. Energy use, inside environmental conditions, bird performance, and litter moisture content will be compared between the test (with five HRAC) and adjacent, identical control houses. Testing will be performed for both the fall and winter flocks on farm with radiant brooders and the less-efficient pancake brooders. Based on research by others on different methods of air-mixing, with the HRAC, a 30% reduction in propane use is feasible. There is no research on the impact of reducing ammonia, CO2, CO, and water vapor concentrations at bird height on bird performance but given the impact of air quality and litter moisture on bird performance, improvements in bird performance is expected.

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