Education

Research Description

Stormwater management, and low impact development and green infrastructure

Honors and Awards

• William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor, 2015
• Blue-Green Innovator of the Year in NC, 2014
• American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Young Extension Award, 2008
• Inducted into the Academy of Outstanding Faculty Engaged in Extension (AOFEE), 2007
• Governor's Award for Water Conservationist of the Year, NC Wildlife Foundation, 2007
• NC State Alumni Outstanding Extension and Outreach Award, 2007
• Outstanding Extension Specialist for NCSU and NCA&T for support of county programs from the NCSU Association of Extension Specialists, 2007

Publications

Evaluating the water quality benefits of a bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA

Purvis, R. A., Winston, R. J., Hunt, W. F., Lipscomb, B., Narayanaswamy, K., McDaniel, A., … Libes, S. (2018), Water, 10(2).

Hydrologic and water quality evaluation of a permeable pavement and biofiltration device in series

Braswell, A. S., Anderson, A. R., & Hunt, W. F. (2018), Water, 10(1).

Hydrologic and water quality performance of permeable pavement with internal water storage over a clay soil in Durham, North Carolina

Braswell, A. S., Winston, R. J., & Hunt, W. F. (2018), JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 224, 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.040

Hydrologic performance of four permeable pavement systems constructed over low-permeability soils in Northeast Ohio

Winston, R. J., Dorsey, J. D., Smolek, A. P., & Hunt, W. F. (2018), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 23(4).

Performance of regenerative stormwater conveyance on the removal of dissolved pollutants: Field scale simulation study

Koryto, K. M., Hunt, W. F., Arellano, C., & Page, J. L. (2018), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 144(6).

Stormwater management in nutrient-sensitive watersheds: a case study investigating impervious cover limits and pollutant-load regulations

Stillwell, C. C., Hunt, W. F., Page, J. L., Baird, J. B., & Kennedy, S. G. (2018), WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 78(3), 664–675. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.338

Vermuyden, Arkwright, and Slater the Traitor: Derwent Valley Mills-Birthplace of the water powered cotton spinning industry and skyscraper construction techniques

Newman, A. P., Rodriguez, A. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2018), (pp. 87–100).

Water quality and hydrologic performance of a regenerative stormwater conveyance in the piedmont of North Carolina

Cizek, A. R., Hunt, W. F., Winston, R. J., Waickowski, S. E., Narayanaswamy, K., & Lauffer, M. S. (2018), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 144(8).

The interrelationship of green infrastructure and natural capital

Chenoweth, J., Anderson, A. R., Kumar, P., Hunt, W. F., Chimbwandira, S. J., & Moore, T. L. C. (2018), Land Use Policy, 75, 137–144.

Adapting the relaxed tanks-in-series model for stormwater wetland water quality performance

Merriman, L. S., Hathaway, J. M., Burchell, M. R., & Hunt, W. F. (2017), Water, 9(9).

Air quality considerations for stormwater green street design

Shaneyfelt, K. M., Anderson, A. R., Kumar, P., & Hunt, W. F. (2017), Environmental Pollution, 231, 768–778.

Evaluation of factors affecting soil carbon sequestration services of stormwater wet retention ponds in varying climate zones

Merriman, L. S., Moore, T. L. C., Wang, J. W., Osmond, D. L., Al-Rubaei, A. M., Smolek, A. P., … Hunt, W. F. (2017), Science of the Total Environment, 583, 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.040

Hydrologic and water quality performance of regenerative stormwater conveyance installed to stabilize an eroded outfall

Koryto, K. M., Hunt, W. F., & Page, J. L. (2017), Ecological Engineering, 108, 263–276.

Hydrologic performance of regenerative stormwater conveyance in the North Carolina coastal plain

Cizek, A. R., Hunt, W. F., Winston, R. J., & Lauffer, M. S. (2017), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 143(9).

Modeling sediment reduction in grass swales and vegetated filter strips using particle settling theory

Winston, R. J., Anderson, A. R., & Hunt, W. F. (2017), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 143(1).

Nutrient and sediment reduction through upflow filtration of stormwater retention pond effluent

Winston, R. J., Hunt, W. F., & Pluer, W. T. (2017), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 143(5).

Nutrient sequestration by vegetation in bioretention cells receiving high nutrient loads

Turk, R. P., Kraus, H. T., Hunt, W. F., Carmen, N. B., & Bilderback, T. E. (2017), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 143(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001158

Survey of the operational status of 25 Swedish municipal stormwater management ponds

Al-Rubaei, A. M., Merriman, L. S., Hunt, W. F., Viklander, M., Marsalek, J., & Blecken, G. T. (2017), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 143(6).

Curve number and runoff coefficients for extensive living roofs

Fassman-Beck, E., Hunt, W., Berghage, R., Carpenter, D., Kurtz, T., Stovin, V., & Wadzuk, B. (2016), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 21(3).

Development/ripening of ecosystems services in the first two growing seasons of a regional-scale constructed stormwater wetland on the coast of North Carolina

Merriman, L. S., Hunt, W. F., & Bass, K. L. (2016), Ecological Engineering, 94, 393–405.

Driving forces of effluent nutrient variability in field scale bioretention

Manka, B. N., Hathaway, J. M., Tirpak, R. A., He, Q., & Hunt, W. F. (2016), Ecological Engineering, 94, 622–628.

Enhancing stormwater management benefits of rainwater harvesting via innovative technologies

Gee, K. D., & Hunt, W. F. (2016), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 142(8).

Evaluating the spatial distribution of pollutants and associated maintenance requirements in an 11 year-old bioretention cell in urban Charlotte, NC

Johnson, J. P., & Hunt, W. F. (2016), Journal of Environmental Management, 184, 363–370.

Maintenance measures for preservation and recovery of permeable pavement surface infiltration rate - The effects of street sweeping, vacuum cleaning, high pressure washing, and milling

Winston, R. J., Al-Rubaei, A. M., Blecken, G. T., Viklander, M., & Hunt, W. F. (2016), Journal of Environmental Management, 169, 132–144.

Quantifying volume reduction and peak flow mitigation for three bioretention cells in clay soils in northeast Ohio

Winston, R. J., Dorsey, J. D., & Hunt, W. F. (2016), Science of the Total Environment, 553, 83–95.

Roadside soils show low plant available zinc and copper concentrations

Morse, N., Walter, M. T., Osmond, D., & Hunt, W. (2016), Environmental Pollution, 209, 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.011

Seasonal variability in stormwater quality treatment of permeable pavements situated over heavy clay and in a cold climate

Winston, R. J., Davidson-Bennett, K. M., Buccier, K. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2016), Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 227(5).

Temperature dynamics of stormwater runoff in Australia and the USA

Hathaway, J. M., Winston, R. J., Brown, R. A., Hunt, W. F., & McCarthy, D. T. (2016), Science of the Total Environment, 559, 141–150.

Volume reduction provided by eight residential disconnected downspouts in Durham, North Carolina

Carmen, N. B., Hunt, W. F., & Anderson, A. R. (2016), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 142(10).

A simple infiltration test for determination of permeable pavement maintenance needs

Winston, R. J., Al-Rubaei, A. M., Blecken, G. T., & Hunt, W. F. (2016), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 142(10).

The restoration of James Brindley's last canal and the serious threat from 21st century transport infrastructure developments

Newman, A. P., & Hunt, W. F. (2016). The restoration of James Brindley’s last canal and the serious threat from 21st century transport infrastructure developments (pp. 124–133),

Comparing bridge deck runoff and stormwater control measure quality in North Carolina

Winston, R. J., Lauffer, M. S., Narayanaswamy, K., McDaniel, A. H., Lipscomb, B. S., Nice, A. J., & Hunt, W. F. (2015), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 141(1).

Implementation and maintenance of floating treatment wetlands for urban stormwater management

Borne, K. E., Fassman-Beck, E. A., Winston, R. J., Hunt, W. F., & Tanner, C. C. (2015), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 141(11).

Retrofitting residential streets with stormwater control measures over sandy soils for water quality improvement at the catchment scale

Page, J. L., Winston, R. J., Mayes, D. B., Perrin, C. A., & Hunt, W. F. (2015), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 141(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000898

Retrofitting with innovative stormwater control measures: Hydrologic mitigation of impervious cover in the municipal right-of-way

Page, J. L., Winston, R. J., Mayes, D. B., Perrin, C., & Hunt, W. F. (2015), Journal of Hydrology, 527, 923–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.046

SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more - The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage

Fletcher, T. D., Shuster, W., Hunt, W. F., Ashley, R., Butler, D., Arthur, S., … Viklander, M. (2015), Urban Water Journal, 12(7), 525–542.

Soils beneath suspended pavements: An opportunity for stormwater control and treatment

Page, J. L., Winston, R. J., & Hunt, W. F. (2015), Ecological Engineering, 82, 40–48.

Stormwater treatment performance of a permeable pavement-biofiltration system and a stand-alone biofiltration unit in North Carolina

Anderson, A. R., Smolek, A. P., & Hunt, W. F. (2015), (pp. 216–226).

Variability of intra-event statistics for multiple fecal indicator bacteria in urban stormwater

Hathaway, J. M., Hunt, W. F., & McCarthy, D. T. (2015), Water Resources Management, 29(10), 3635–3649.

A collaborative approach to voluntary watershed restoration in coastal North Carolina

Carey, E. S., Page, J. L., Shew, R. D., & Hunt, W. F. (2015), (pp. 404–410).

Assessment of a rainwater harvesting system for pollutant mitigation at a commercial location in Raleigh, NC, USA

Wilson, C. E., Hunt, W. F., Winston, R. J., & Smith, P. (2014), Water Science and Technology. Water Supply, 14(2), 283–290.

Bioretention function under climate change scenarios in North Carolina, USA

Hathaway, J. M., Brown, R. A., Fu, J. S., & Hunt, W. F. (2014), Journal of Hydrology, 519, 503–511.

Exploring seasonality in escherichia coli and fecal coliform ratios in urban watersheds

Hathaway, J. M., Krometis, L. H., & Hunt, W. F. (2014), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 140(4).

Impact of rainwater harvesting systems on nutrient and sediment concentrations in roof runoff

DeBusk, K. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2014), Water Science and Technology. Water Supply, 14(2), 220–229.

Maintenance versus maturation: Constructed storm-water wetland's fifth-year water quality and hydrologic assessment

Merriman, L. S., & Hunt, W. F. (2014). Maintenance versus maturation: Constructed storm-water wetland’s fifth-year water quality and hydrologic assessment. Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 140(10),

Metrics for assessing thermal performance of stormwater control measures

Wardynski, B. J., Winston, R. J., Line, D. E., & Hunt, W. F. (2014), Ecological Engineering, 71, 551–562.

Residual indicator bacteria in autosampler tubing: a field and laboratory assessment

Hathaway, J. M., Hunt, W. F., Guest, R. M., & McCarthy, D. T. (2014), Water Science and Technology, 69(5), 1120–1126.

Analysis of consecutive events for nutrient and sediment treatment in field-monitored bioretention cells

Brown, R. A., Birgand, F., & Hunt, W. F. (2013), Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 224(6).

Characterizing rainwater harvesting performance and demonstrating stormwater management benefits in the humid southeast USA

DeBusk, K. M., Hunt, W. F., & Wright, J. D. (2013), Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 49(6), 1398–1411.

Defining predevelopment hydrology to mimic predevelopment water quality in stormwater control measures (SCMs)

Cizek, A. R., & Hunt, W. F. (2013), Ecological Engineering, 57, 40–45.

Internal water storage enhances exfiltration and thermal load reduction from permeable pavement in the North carolina mountains

Wardynski, B. J., Winston, R. J., & Hunt, W. F. (2013), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 139(2), 187–195.

Predicting the carbon footprint of urban stormwater infrastructure

Moore, T. L. C., & Hunt, W. F. (2013), Ecological Engineering, 58, 44–51.

Side-by-side evaluation of four level spreader-vegetated filter strips and a swale in eastern North Carolina

Knight, E. M. P., Hunt, W. F., & Winston, R. J. (2013), Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, 68(1), 60–72.

Sophia title

Merriman, L. S., Wilson, C. E., Winston, R. J., & Hunt, W. F. (2013), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 18(10), 1372–1376.

The capacity of roadside vegetated filter strips and swales to sequester carbon

Bouchard, N. R., Osmond, D. L., Winston, R. J., & Hunt, W. F. (2013), Ecological Engineering, 54, 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.01.018

Are bioretention cells being installed per design standards in North Carolina? A field study

Wardynski, B. J., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 138(12), 1210–1217.

Ecosystem service provision by stormwater wetlands and ponds - A means for evaluation?

Moore, T. L. C., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Water Research, 46(20), 6811–6823.

Effect of urban catchment composition on runoff temperature

Jones, M. P., Hunt, W. F., & Winston, R. J. (2012), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 138(12), 1231–1236.

Field evaluation of storm-water control measures for highway runoff treatment

Winston, R. J., Hunt, W. F., Kennedy, S. G., Wright, J. D., & Lauffer, M. S. (2012), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 138(1), 101–111.

Hydrologic performance of bioretention storm-water control measures

Davis, A. P., Traver, R. G., Hunt, W. F., Lee, R., Brown, R. A., & Olszewski, J. M. (2012), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 17(5), 604–614.

Improving bioretention/biofiltration performance with restorative maintenance

Brown, R. A., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Water Science and Technology, 65(2), 361–367.

Increasing stream geomorphic stability using storm water control measures in a densely urbanized watershed

Tillinghast, E. D., Hunt, W. F., Jennings, G. D., & D’Arconte, P. (2012), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 17(12), 1381–1388.

Indicator bacteria performance of storm water control measures in Wilmington, North Carolina

Hathaway, J. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 138(2), 185–197.

Intra-event variability of Escherichia coli and total suspended solids in urban stormwater runoff

McCarthy, D. T., Hathaway, J. M., Hunt, W. F., & Deletic, A. (2012), Water Research, 46(20), 6661–6670.

LID treatment train: Pervious concrete with subsurface storage in series with bioretention and care with seasonal high water tables

Brown, R. A., Line, D. E., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 138(6), 689–697.

Meeting hydrologic and water quality goals through targeted bioretention design

Hunt, W. F., Davis, A. P., & Traver, R. G. (2012), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 138(6), 698–707.

Quantification of emission factor uncertainty

Pouliot, G., Wisner, E., Mobley, D., & Hunt, W. (2012), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 62(3), 287–298.

Stormwater in urban areas

Rauch, W., Ledin, A., Eriksson, E., Deletic, A., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Water Research, 46(20), 6588–6588.

Temporal analysis of stormwater control measure effluent based on windows of harmful algal bloom (HAB) sensitivity: Are annual nutrient EMCs appropriate during HAB-sensitive seasons?

Hathaway, J. M., Moore, T. L. C., Burkholder, J. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Ecological Engineering, 49, 41–47.

Thermal mitigation of urban storm water by level spreader-vegetative filter strips (vol 137, pg 707, 2011)

, (2012).

Water quality of drainage from permeable friction course

Eck, B. J., Winston, R. J., Hunt, W. F., & Barrett, M. E. (2012), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 138(2), 174–181.

A Traditional analysis of the first flush effect for nutrients in stormwater runoff from two small urban catchments

Hathaway, J. M., Tucker, R. S., Spooner, J. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 223(9), 5903–5915.

Bioretention outflow: Does it mimic nonurban watershed shallow Interflow?

DeBusk, K. M., Hunt, W. F., & Line, D. E. (2011), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 16(3), 274–279.

Constructed storm-water wetland installation and maintenance: are we getting it right?

, (2011). Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 137(8), 469–474.

Evaluating four storm-water performance metrics with a North Carolina coastal plain storm-water wetland

Lenhart, H. A., & Hunt, W. F. (2011), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 137(2), 155–162.

Evaluation of first flush for indicator bacteria and total suspended solids in urban stormwater runoff

Hathaway, J. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2011), Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 217(1-4), 135–147.

Evaluation of undersized bioretention stormwater control measures for treatment of highway bridge deck runoff

Luell, S. K., Hunt, W. F., & Winston, R. J. (2011), Water Science and Technology, 64(4), 974–979.

Exploring fecal indicator bacteria in a constructed stormwater wetland

Hathaway, J. M., Hunt, W. F., Graves, A. K., Bass, K. L., & Caldwell, A. (2011), Water Science and Technology, 63(11), 2707–2712. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.539

Feasibility of a Dune Infiltration System to protect North Carolina beaches from fecal bacteria contaminated storm water

Bright, T. M., Burchell, M. R., Hunt, W. F., & Price, W. (2011), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 137(10), 968–979.

Field evaluation of bioretention indicator bacteria sequestration in Wilmington, North Carolina

Hathaway, J. M., Hunt, W. F., Graves, A. K., & Wright, J. D. (2011), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 137(12), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000444

Field evaluation of four level spreader-vegetative filter strips to improve urban storm-water quality

, (2011). Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 137(3), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000173

Impacts of media depth on effluent water quality and hydrologic performance of undersized bioretention cells

Brown, R. A., & Hunt, W. F. (2011), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 137(3), 132–143.

Influent pollutant concentrations as predictors of effluent pollutant concentrations for Mid-Atlantic bioretention

McNett, J. K., Hunt, W. F., & Davis, A. P. (2011), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 137(9), 790–799.

Organic nitrogen exports from urban stormwater wetlands in North Carolina

Moore, T. L. C., Hunt, W. F., Burchell, M. R., & Hathaway, J. M. (2011), Ecological Engineering, 37(4), 589–594.

Special issue on urban storm-water management in the 21st century introduction

Traver, R., Clark, S., Hunt, W., & Struck, S. (2011), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 137(3), 113–113.

Stormwater control measure (SCM) design standards to limit stream erosion for Piedmont North Carolina

Tillinghast, E. D., Hunt, W. F., & Jennings, G. D. (2011), Journal of Hydrology, 411(3-4), 185–196.

Underdrain configuration to enhance bioretention exfiltration to reduce pollutant loads

Brown, R. A., & Hunt, W. F. (2011), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 137(11), 1082–1091.

An evaluation of the toxicity of accumulated sediments in forebays of stormwater wetlands and wetponds

McNett, J. K., & Hunt, W. F. (2011), Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 218(1-4), 529–538.

Effect of storm-water wetlands and wet ponds on runoff temperature in trout sensitive waters

Jones, M. P., & Hunt, W. F. (2010), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 136(9), 656–661.

Establishing storm-water BMP evaluation metrics based upon ambient water quality associated with benthic macroinvertebrate populations

McNett, J. K., Hunt, W. F., & Osborne, J. A. (2010), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 136(5), 535–541.

Evaluation of Storm-Water Wetlands in Series in Piedmont North Carolina

Hathaway, J. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2010), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 136(1), 140–146.

Impact of storm-water runoff on clogging and fecal bacteria reduction in sand columns

Bright, T. M., Hathaway, J. M., Hunt, W. F., Reyes, F. L., & Burchell, M. R. (2010), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 136(12), 1435–1441.

Impacts of construction activity on bioretention performance

Brown, R. A., & Hunt, W. F. (2010), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(6), 386–394.

Performance of rainwater harvesting systems in the southeastern United States

Jones, M. P., & Hunt, W. F. (2010), Resources Conservation and Recycling, 54(10), 623–629.

Runoff volume reduction by a level spreader-vegetated filter strip system in suburban Charlotte, NC

Hunt, W. F., Hathaway, J. M., Winston, R. J., & Jadlocki, S. J. (2010), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(6), 499–503.

Side-by-side comparison of nitrogen species removal for four types of permeable pavement and standard asphalt in eastern North Carolina

Collins, K. A., Hunt, W. F., & Hathaway, J. M. (2010), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(6), 512–521.

Asphalt parking lot runoff nutrient characterization for eight sites in North Carolina, USA

Passeport, E., & Hunt, W. F. (2009), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 14(4), 352–361. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(352)

Bioretention impact on runoff temperature in trout sensitive waters

Jones, M. P., & Hunt, W. F. (2009), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 135(8), 577–585.

Bioretention technology: Overview of current practice and future needs

Davis, A. P., Hunt, W. F., Traver, R. G., & Clar, M. (2009), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 135(3), 109–117.

Field study of the ability of two grassed bioretention cells to reduce storm-water runoff pollution

Passeport, E., Hunt, W. F., Line, D. E., Smith, R. A., & Brown, R. A. (2009), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 135(4), 505–510. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000006

Indicator bacteria removal in storm-water best management practices in Charlotte, North Carolina

Hathaway, J. M., Hunt, W. F., & Jadlocki, S. (2009), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 135(12), 1275–1285.

Mitigation of impervious surface hydrology using bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland

Li, H., Sharkey, L. J., Hunt, W. F., & Davis, A. P. (2009), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 14(4), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(407)

Performance of a bioretention area and a level spreader-grass filter strip at two highway sites in North Carolina

Line, D. E., & Hunt, W. F. (2009), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 135(2), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2009)135:2(217)

Afield study of green roof hydrologic and water quality performance

Hathaway, A. M., Hunt, W. F., & Jennings, G. D. (2008), Transactions of the ASABE, 51(1), 37–44.

Evaluating the effectiveness of two stormwater wetlands in North Carolina

Line, D. E., Jennings, G. D., Shaffer, M. B., Calabria, J., & Hunt, W. F. (2008), Transactions of the ASABE, 51(2), 521–528.

Field evaluation of level spreaders in the Piedmont of North Carolina

Hathaway, J. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2008), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 134(4), 538–542. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:4(538)

Hydrologic comparison of four types of permeable pavement and standard asphalt in eastern North Carolina

Collins, K. A., Hunt, W. F., & Hathaway, J. M. (2008), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 13(12), 1146–1157. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:12(1146)

Pollutant removal and peak flow mitigation by a bioretention cell in urban Charlotte, NC

Hunt, W. F., Smith, J. T., Jadlocki, S. J., Hathaway, J. M., & Eubanks, P. R. (2008), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 134(5), 403–408.

Evaluation of four permeable pavement sites in eastern North Carolina for runoff reduction and water quality impacts

Bean, E. Z., Hunt, W. F., & Bidelspach, D. A. (2007), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 133(6), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:6(583)

Field survey of permeable pavement surface infiltration rates

Bean, E. Z., Hunt, W. F., & Bidelspach, D. A. (2007), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 133(3), 249–255.

Evaluating bioretention hydrology and nutrient removal at three field sites in North Carolina

Hunt, W. F., Jarrett, A. R., Smith, J. T., & Sharkey, L. J. (2006), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 132(6), 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:6(600)

Occurrence and relative abundance of mosquitoes in stormwater retention facilities in North Carolina, USA

, (2006). Water Science and Technology, 54(6-7), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.625

Effects of an active learning environment: Teaching innovations at a research I institution

Oliver-Hoyo, M. T., Allen, D., Hunt, W. F., Hutson, J., & Pitts, A. (2004), Journal of Chemical Education, 81(3), 441–2. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed081p441

Introduction to the regulatory/policy/economics section

Hunt, W. F. (2003), Environment International, 29(2-3), 287–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00188-5

Overview of regulatory/policy/economic issues related to carbon dioxide

Leaf, D., Verolme, H. J. H., & Hunt, W. F. (2003), Environment International, 29(2-3), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00161-7

Jump Run Creek Shellfish Restoration Project

White, N. M., Line, D. E., Potts, J. D., Kirby-Smith, W., Doll, B., & Hunt, W. F. (2000), Journal of Shellfish Research, 19(1), 473–476.

Interpretation of "an average" in wetland hydrology analyses

Hunt, W. F., & Skaggs, R. W. (1997), Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers), (972033), 18.

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Grants

Protocol for Outlet Analysis at Highway Sites

NC Department of Transportation(8/16/18 - 8/15/21)

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Protocol for Outlet Analysis at Highway Sites

Sponsor: NC Department of Transportation

Start Date: 8/16/18

End Date: 8/15/21

Abstract

Regulations require NCDOT to ensure all post-construction stormwater discharges are conveyed without causing downstream erosion. Natural flow pathways may be altered to ensure construction is feasible; however, liability for any substantial damage is a concern. As of date, NCDOT’s Guidelines for Drainage Studies and Hydraulic Design lack specific methods to assess outlets for overland erosion, resulting in evaluations that rely on best professional judgement. Somewhat related, previous research in North Carolina has included culvert assessments and stream stability as well as erosion and discharge metrics for stormwater control measures (SCMs). However, this previous research did not consider overland erosion or the effects of watershed area, hydrologic soil groups, and other NCDOT approved outlet types. This project will reduce the gap in knowledge and consist of four primary objectives: (1) determine the current conditions of NCDOT-managed outlets and identify which characteristics affect downslope stability, (2) develop a replicable outlet analysis protocol that uses a ranking system rather than best professional judgement for assessments, (3) create design standards for outlets that minimize erosion and cost, and (4) produce a Microsoft Excel-based tool that synthesizes the project results. Prior to any work, North Carolina State University (NCSU) will collaborate with NCDOT to explicitly define stable and unstable downslope receiving areas, which will form the basis of this project.

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Stormwater Runoff Monitoring and Analysis for Aviation Mode Facilities

NC Department of Transportation(8/01/18 - 7/31/20)

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Stormwater Runoff Monitoring and Analysis for Aviation Mode Facilities

Sponsor: NC Department of Transportation

Start Date: 8/01/18

End Date: 7/31/20

Abstract

Airports in North Carolina are currently considered as industrial sites for stormwater permits by the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ). This can lead to costly expenses incurred by airports to meet federally-mandated, state-administered stormwater requirements. Preliminary data collected at Wilmington International Airport (ILM) suggest that the air side of airports may, in fact, behave much more similarly to a residential Low Impact Development (LID) than an industrial facility. This is due to the disconnection of impervious surfaces (namely, the runway and taxiway), where runoff flows over large swaths of turf (or other) grass. This project proposes to examine a pair more airports located in a non-sandy part of the state (tentatively: BUY, Burlington, and INT, Smith-Reynolds in Winston-Salem), to determine if (at least a portion of) the air side of airports can be exempt from stormwater industrial permits. The assessment will be based upon hydrology (volume and peak rates) and water quality (pollutant concentrations and loads) leaving different air side landuses (ramp, taxi way, vegetated treatment areas, e.g.). The results collected herein would be compared to LID projects monitored in the Piedmont of NC and would provide NCDOT the necessary information and data to argue for a potential re-classification of airports from a stormwater permit perspective. This would, in the end, provide potentially substantial financial relief to many aviation facilities across North Carolina.

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Assessment of Park Shopping Center in Siler City

NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund(3/01/18 - 12/31/18)

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Assessment of Park Shopping Center in Siler City

Sponsor: NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund

Start Date: 3/01/18

End Date: 12/31/18

Abstract

The Loves Creek Watershed is impaired for habitat degradation. The Town of Siler City is interested in daylighting a portion of a Loves Creek tributary to improve water quality and aquatic health while minimizing localized flooding. This project has been funded by the North Carolina Clean Water Management Trust Fund (CWMTF). NCSU-BAE will evaluate the feasibility of daylighting the tributary and identify the best alternative to pursue (daylight tributary into meandering stream, daylight tributary into wetlands, install SCMs, do nothing).

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Evaluating the nutrient removal capabilities of the Suntree Technologies Nutrient Separating Baffle Box

Suntree Technologies, Inc(6/01/18 - 12/31/19)

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Evaluating the nutrient removal capabilities of the Suntree Technologies Nutrient Separating Baffle Box

Sponsor: Suntree Technologies, Inc

Start Date: 6/01/18

End Date: 12/31/19

Abstract

This project (“Evaluating the nutrient removal capabilities of the Suntree Technologies Nutrient Separating Baffle Box”) aims to explore the water quality performance of a proprietary stormwater control product in Hickory, NC. As the regulation of exported nutrient pollution continues to be an area of particular focus in nutrient sensitive watersheds in North Carolina, there is a growing need for stormwater control measures, products, and devices with the capability to curtail nutrient loads from stormwater runoff. This project will test the treatment capabilities of the Nutrient Separation Baffle Box (NSBB) by Suntree Technologies as it pre-treats stormwater runoff that enters a proprietary underground detention system. The NSBB will be installed at Hendrick Honda in Hickory, NC and will treat stormwater runoff from a completely impervious watershed. Monitoring will include the collection of paired samples from 18 storm events that will subsequently be analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, and total suspended solids.

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Jaycee Park Forested Stormwater Wetland Retrofit

NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund(1/17/18 - 9/30/19)

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Jaycee Park Forested Stormwater Wetland Retrofit

Sponsor: NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund

Start Date: 1/17/18

End Date: 9/30/19

Abstract

NC Sea Grant and NC State University's Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department (BAE) will work with Sounds Rivers, Inc. (SRI) to conduct stormwater assessment, design and construction oversight for the retrofit of an existing abandoned and non-functioning farm pond into a forested stormwater treatment wetland. The existing pond is located on public land at Jaycee Park in Greenville, North Carolina. This project will support the City of Greenville’s Greens Mill Run (GMR) Watershed Master Plan (WSMP) and will work to provide water quality improvements to Reedy Branch, a tributary of Green Mill Run, an impaired waterway. In addition, NCSU will support in developing educational and outreach activities.

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Assistance with Selection and Monitoring of Stormwater Control Measures in the City of Asheville

Asheville, NC(8/15/17 - 12/31/19)

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Assistance with Selection and Monitoring of Stormwater Control Measures in the City of Asheville

Sponsor: Asheville, NC

Start Date: 8/15/17

End Date: 12/31/19

Abstract

State and federal regulations require the city of Asheville (city) to manage and mitigate the effects of stormwater runoff. To comply with these regulations, the city has obtained the services of Hazen and Sawyer to design three to be determined stormwater control measures (SCMs). In addition to achieving compliance, the city wants to monitor these SCMs for water quality and hydrology. North Carolina State University (NCSU) will collaborate with Hazen and Sawyer to review the SCM designs to ensure water quality and hydrology monitoring is feasible, apply for grant fund acquisition from state sources, and assist with community outreach.

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Modeling low impact commercial hotel development in Black Creek Watershed

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)(8/17/18 - 4/15/21)

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Modeling low impact commercial hotel development in Black Creek Watershed

Sponsor: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Start Date: 8/17/18

End Date: 4/15/21

Abstract

A collaborative partnership under the Black Creek Watershed Association is working with the community and landowners to reduce the volume and velocity of stormwater runoff entering the creek system with the goals of improving aquatic habitat, water quality and secondary recreational contact. The Black Creek Watershed Plan identifies stormwater retrofits that infiltrate stormwater as the main management measure needed to meet these goals and remove it from the 303(d) list. A follow-up study identified an impervious surface disconnection goal related to the amount of development that occurred prior to the implementation of the Neuse River stormwater rules (Horvath 2011). While the team has been successfully and steadily implementing retrofits to reduce runoff `since 2010, macro-invertebrate assessments conducted in 2016 (May and Nov) indicate a lack of noticeable improvement in these populations. The remaining land in this urbanizing watershed continues to be developed with high intensity land uses given its ideal location in the Triangle adjacent to several parks, Research Triangle Park, and SAS Institute’s World Headquarters. A tributary to Black Creek has recently experienced severe erosion following development of a high density commercial and residential development in its headwaters. As a result, the Beechtree Homeowners Association (Beechtree HOA) is committing $20,000 to repair a section of the tributary that is eroding away their greenway. The macro-invertebrate assessment and tributary condition degradation point to evidence that current stormwater management practices may not be effectively protecting Black Creek from continued degradation. While the BCWA has been primarily focusing upon stormwater retrofits, strategies to prevent additional stormwater from running off of new development may help protect the investments made to retrofit existing development and disconnect impervious surfaces. This raises the question of how can we work with developers to provide real, measureable protection of Black Creek from development impacts? This project proposes a partnership between Beechtree HOA, the Black Creek Watershed Association, Water Resources Research Institute, NCSU Dept of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Daly 7, a local development firm, and its contracted engineering firm, Red Line Engineering, to design, develop, and monitor a low impact development hotel site in the watershed. Daly 7 has been contracted by Marriott Hotels to develop two hotels on a parcel of land within the Black Creek Watershed, upstream from the HOA’s greenway and at the headwater of the aforementioned degraded tributary. The partnership seeks to model, design, and evaluate distributed runoff volume-reducing stormwater control measures on the site with the goal of little to no additional runoff from the developed site entering the stream system. Pre and post stream stability assessments coupled with hydrology monitoring will assess the actual performance on stream health. This project is inspired by and will consider lessons learned in a similar ground-breaking low-impact development in Northeast Raleigh,The Market at Colonnade. The proposal team has met with the stormwater engineer and site developers and managers of the Market at Colonnade to help inform this proposal. This high profile project with a world-renown corporate hotel chain has a high potential to provide a model for collaboratively and sustainably managing stormwater on a highly impervious commercial use that drains to an impaired waterway.

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Maintenance Costs of Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) in North Carolina

NCSU WRRI Storm Water Management Group(8/01/17 - 6/30/19)

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Maintenance Costs of Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) in North Carolina

Sponsor: NCSU WRRI Storm Water Management Group

Start Date: 8/01/17

End Date: 6/30/19

Abstract

With urbanization the need for stormwater control measures (SCMs) to meet federal and state stormwater regulations grows. Maintenance is necessary and typically required by state and local regulations to ensure SCMs remain functional and continue to mitigate the impacts of urbanization. In addition to functional drivers, SCMs are also maintained for aesthetic appeal. Previous research has quantified maintenance costs for SCMs in North Carolina but (1) this study is dated, (2) there remains a lack of data regarding costs for routine, preventative/proactive, and restorative maintenance, and (3) the relationship of curbside appeal (aesthetic need) and maintenance frequency (i.e., how does the location of a SCM affect its aesthetics and the level of maintenance performed) has not been evaluated. North Carolina State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering (NCSU BAE) is seeking to partner with the Urban Stormwater Consortium (USC) of the Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina (WRRI) to answer these questions. Updated information will provide municipal guidance for budgeting and maintenance optimization (i.e., cost effectiveness of preventative versus restorative maintenance SCM maintenance), which will allow entities responsible for SCM maintenance to better allocate their resources (human and financial capital). Additionally, the researchers anticipate these findings will improve SCM implementation with respect to available resources. While maintaining the interviewees’ anonymity, NCSU will interview (1) representatives from the WRRI-USC communities, (2) at least 20 individuals who work with private firms who have been certified under the NCSU Stormwater BMP Inspection & Maintenance Workshop series, (3) staff from the NCSU and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill stormwater maintenance groups, (4) employees of the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT), and (5) a few out-of-state maintenance-conducting entities. A standard set of questions will be developed, including (but not limited to): how many practices are maintained, the characteristics of the maintained practices (e.g., age and watershed size), the location of the maintained practices with respect to the parcel/catchment, the types of maintenance tasks needed for a particular SCM, the frequency and time for each maintenance task, the costs associated with each task (and cumulatively each practice), and whether certain (more expensive) tasks can be avoided by conducting alternative (less costly) maintenance. Maintenance will be determined for both highly visible (those meeting important aesthetic needs) and low visibility (and consequent lack of aesthetic appeal) SCMs. Descriptive statistics (e.g., average, range, etc.) of the maintenance costs will be reported for each practice (and how it might differentiate among land uses). These results will be disseminated through a final report to WRRI, a peer-reviewed journal publication, state and national conferences, and the NCSU Stormwater BMP Inspection & Certification Workshop series.

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Optimized Design of Dry Detention Basin For Nutrient Load Removal

NC Department of Transportation(8/16/17 - 8/15/20)

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Optimized Design of Dry Detention Basin For Nutrient Load Removal

Sponsor: NC Department of Transportation

Start Date: 8/16/17

End Date: 8/15/20

Abstract

Dry detention basins (DDB) are prevalent stormwater practices for North Carolina’s highway system, with at least 84 currently maintained by NC DOT. These basins were designed for one purpose: flood mitigation. Although it is generally accepted that dry detention basins do not substantially improve water quality, it is possible that modifications could enhance the ability of these simple practices to treat to a higher water quality standard. Because these practices are relatively easy to construct and straightforward to maintain, applicable improvements to performance could make a significant impact to water quality on a large scale. Minimal research that has been conducted on dry detention indicates that design modifications such as increased detention time, or the addition of wetland vegetation to existing basins, may significantly improve the performance of these dry ponds with regard to pollutant removal. The purpose of this three-year proposal is two-fold: (1) confirm the validity of the current nutrient effluent concentrations for DDBs programed into the NCDOT-JLSLAT nutrient load accounting model, or provide justification for changing the effluent concentration to a more accurate reflection of the data (2) Test multiple design parameters for DDBs in controlled plots and field settings, the purpose of which is to improve pollutant removal. Field testing would be conducted in two physiographic regions of North Carolina: the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain, with specific sites to be determined. Plot tests will be conducted at the Sediment and Erosion Control Research and Education Facility (SECREF) located at NC State University. These tests will be designed to provide either validation for current pollutant reduction values programmed into NCDOT-JLSLAT or quantified justification for adjustments to those values. Multiple design alternatives will be tested in this controlled setting including the addition of porous baffle walls (two material types) for improved sediment removal, and comparisons between top and bottom drawdown at the outlet structure. A two foot gravel bed outfitted with an underdrain and upturned elbow for IWS will also be tested. Four field sites will be monitored pre-and post- retrofit, two in the Piedmont and two in the Coastal Plain. The sites will be selected so that variations in vegetation types found in the practice (grassed vs. woody vegetation) may be evaluated. Particle size distribution analyses will be used to determine specific functionality associated with the linear highway environment. PSD tests will provide insight into the settling dynamics associated with typical highway sediment loads. Data collected will be used to model settling in these systems and contribute to the establishment of a baseline by which other dry detention design configurations may be assessed. All modifications will be made based on input from NC DOT. NC State will prepare a project specific QAPP following the guidance provided in NCDOT’s research program QAPP. NCSU faculty, staff and students will conduct the following tasks as part of this proposal: 1. Design and implementation of the monitoring plan for the controlled plots at SECREF 2. Design and implementation of the monitoring plan for four field sites across NC 3. Data collection at all field and control sites 4. Analysis and reporting of final data 5. Development of design criteria and management tools 6. Final report and journal publication preparation and, 7. Delivery of information to NC DOT personnel (& designees) via an end-of-project workshop. Deliverables provided, in addition to the workshop, include a final report to NCDOT and a companion Microsoft Excel-based design tool. The tool will assess the performance of multiple design options using hydrology and pollutant data as well as PSD analyses. Establishing an accurate baseline for dry detention performance in North Carolina allows for better understanding on which to base possible alternatives to conventional design, with the goal of maximizing water quality t

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Brynn Marr Watershed Water Quality Improvement

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)(5/01/17 - 9/30/19)

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Brynn Marr Watershed Water Quality Improvement

Sponsor: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Start Date: 5/01/17

End Date: 9/30/19

Abstract

Jacksonville, North Carolina, has experienced explosive population growth and subsequent land development over the last 25 years. In 2014, Forbes magazine listed Jacksonville as the fifth fastest-growing small city in the country. Due in part to this rapid development, water quality in the New River, a part of the White Oak River Basin, has declined significantly. Local watersheds in and around Jacksonville have experienced an increase in flooding, stream bank erosion, and sedimentation. In addition, portions of the New River are classified as nutrient sensitive. Of particular concern are the closing of SA waters in the New River due to high bacteria counts. All rivers in the basin have periods of anoxia, as well as incidents of high fecal coliform counts and turbidity levels. Operating under the White Oak River Basin Restoration Priorities (ORBRP) document developed by the Ecosystem Enhancement Program in 2010, this project aims, through the design and installation of two urban stormwater control measures (SCM), to begin the process of mimicking predevelopment hydrology in areas characterized by high percentages of impervious surface. The two engineering projects slated for installation for this project are SCMs designed to retain and treatstormwater runoff from highly impervious commercial parcels. Both projects will be monitored for hydrology and water quality in order to assess design criteria for the region. This first project is a bioretention cell located in the parking lot of the Brynn Marr shopping center off Bell Fork Road in Jacksonville’s Brynn Marr Watershed. This project will treat a large percentage of stormwater runoff from an aging parking lot. The second project, also located in the Brynn Marr Watershed, is a constructed wetland located in the back parking lot of a local business, currently vacant. The parking lot is adjacent to a drainage ditch that will be expanded to hold and treat higher volumes of runoff. A pre-discharge sand filter will be added as an experimental design element. A sand berm will be constructed to force water through the filter before it reaches the outlet. Sand filtration is used widely in the early stages of drinking water treatment and the same concept may also be applied to stormwater treatment. Sand filters have an established record for pathogen removal which ideally will translate to constructed wetland systems. Both projects have support from the respective property owners, and both are in locations that will draw a great deal of attention to the effort. In keeping with the goals of the ORBRP, NC State Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department will partner with City of Jacksonville Stormwater and the local N.C. State Extension Office to collaborate not only on the design and construction of the projects, but public outreach and education as well. NC State will conduct at least one BMP Inspection and Maintenance workshop for Jacksonville residents and city staff to further promote stormwater awareness within the community. In addition, because the New River has not yet been assigned a formal watershed restoration plan as identified by the NCDENR 319 grant program, as project match NC State will aid the City of Jacksonville in the development of this document. By establishing a recognized 9-step restoration program, the City of Jacksonville ensure eligibility for future 319 funds geared toward water quality improvement in the New River.

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