Education

Research Description

Livestock barn ventilation, heating, and cooling; agricultural air quality; renewable energy applications in livestock barns

Honors and Awards

• Special Specialist Award, 2006
• Robert W. Bottcher Promising Researcher Award, 2004
• Faculty Research and Professional Development Award, 2004
• WVU Extension Service Outstanding Developing Researcher Award, 2002

Publications

Valorization of Eggshell Waste into Supported Copper Catalysts for Partial Oxidation of Methane

Karoshi, G., Kolar, P., Shah, S. B., & Gilleskie, G. (2019), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-019-00238-0

Windbreak Wall-Vegetative Strip System to Reduce Air Emissions from Mechanically Ventilated Livestock Barns: Part 2—Swine House Evaluation

Ajami, A., Shah, S. B., Wang-Li, L., Kolar, P., & Castillo, M. S. (2019), Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 230(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4335-2

Windbreak Wall-Vegetative Strip System to Reduce Air Emissions from Mechanically Ventilated Livestock Barns—Part 3: Layer House Evaluation

Ajami, A., Shah, S. B., Wang-Li, L., Kolar, P., & Castillo, M. S. (2019), Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 230(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4345-0

Windbreak Wall-vegetative Strip System to Reduce Air Emissions from Mechanically-Ventilated Livestock Barns – Part 1: CFD Modeling

Ajami, A., Shah, S. B., & Stikeleather, L. F. (2019), Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 230(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4333-4

A novel non-invasive method for evaluating electroencephalograms on laying hens

Eberle, K. N., Martin, M. P., Shah, S., Malheiros, R. D., Livingston, K. A., & Anderson, K. E. (2018), Poultry Science, 97(3), 860–864. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex391

Evaluation of Ventilation Shutdown in a Multi-level Caged System

Eberle-Krish, K. N., Martin, M. P., Malheiros, R. D., Shah, S. B., Livingston, K. A., & Anderson, K. E. (2018), The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 27(4), 555–563. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy036

Evaluation of a novel, low-cost plastic solar air heater for turkey brooding

Poole, M. R., Shah, S. B., Grimes, J. L., Boyette, M. D., & Stikeleather, L. F. (2018), Energy for Sustainable Development, 45, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2018.04.004

Evaluation of landscape fabric as a solar air heater

Poole, M. R., Shah, S. B., Boyette, M. D., Grimes, J. L., & Stikeleather, L. F. (2018), Renewable Energy, 127, 998–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.045

Performance of a coupled transpired solar collector—phase change material-based thermal energy storage system

Poole, M. R., Shah, S. B., Boyette, M. D., Stikeleather, L. F., & Cleveland, T. (2018), Energy and Buildings, 161, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.027

Simultaneous mitigation of p- cresol and ammonium using activated carbon from avocado seed

Zhu, Y., Kolar, P., Shah, S. B., Cheng, J. J., & Lim, P. K. (2018), Environmental Technology & Innovation, 9, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ETI.2017.10.006

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Grants

Investigating Lagoon Sludge Management and Drying Impacts and Opportunities

Smithfield Foods, Inc.(5/01/20 - 12/10/20)

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Investigating Lagoon Sludge Management and Drying Impacts and Opportunities

Sponsor: Smithfield Foods, Inc.

Start Date: 5/01/20

End Date: 12/10/20

Abstract

Swine lagoon sludge is a nutrient-rich resource that requires frequent removal and sustainable use to minimize any adverse environmental impacts. This works scope will investigate two key work scopes: (1) impact of lagoon sludge level on irrigation frequency and nutrient composition of lagoon supernatant, and (2) compare technical and economic performance of industrial drying systems that can be adopted in NC to dry lagoon sludge.

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Using Electrostatic Precipitator to Improve Indoor Air Quality in Cage-Free Layer Houses

United States Poultry & Egg Association(8/01/20 - 12/31/22)

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Using Electrostatic Precipitator to Improve Indoor Air Quality in Cage-Free Layer Houses

Sponsor: United States Poultry & Egg Association

Start Date: 8/01/20

End Date: 12/31/22

Abstract

Due to regulations and animal welfare concerns, cage-free (CF) egg production is expected to greatly increase. Because CF egg layers have access to litter, conditions in the barn are very dusty which affects bird health and performance as well as the health of the workers. Liquid spraying has been tested to control dust but it can increase ammonia levels and make the floor eggs dirty. We propose to use a recirculating air-cleaner that uses electrostatic precipitation (EP) to reduce dust (hence, dust-bound ammonia) levels. The trapped dust will be collected using a timer-operated mechanical rapper in a garbage bag. The EP air cleaner will be tested in a CF layer house in Orange County for 6 months. Once every week, the EP cleaner's removal efficiency for heterotrophic bacteria, total fungi, and ammonia will be measured. It is expected that a commercial CF layer house with 17,000 birds will require seven such units.

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Improving Lagoon Sludge Management in Lagoon-Sprayfield Swine Production Facilities

US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) - National Institute of Food and Agriculture(7/01/19 - 6/30/22)

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Improving Lagoon Sludge Management in Lagoon-Sprayfield Swine Production Facilities

Sponsor: US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) - National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Start Date: 7/01/19

End Date: 6/30/22

Abstract

Improving Lagoon Sludge Management in Lagoon-Sprayfield Swine Production Facilities

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Evaluating behavior, stress physiology, and environmental parameters during ventilation shutdown and ventilation shutdown with supplemental heat for depopulation of broiler breeders

United States Poultry & Egg Association(6/01/19 - 12/01/20)

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Evaluating behavior, stress physiology, and environmental parameters during ventilation shutdown and ventilation shutdown with supplemental heat for depopulation of broiler breeders

Sponsor: United States Poultry & Egg Association

Start Date: 6/01/19

End Date: 12/01/20

Abstract

Significant differences in management practices, bird type, and housing construction makes it difficult to prescribe the use of a single depopulation method across all farms in the event of a foreign animal disease outbreak. The primary methods ‘conditionally approved’ by USDA-APHIS and the AVMA for depopulation are CO2 and water-based foam. If depopulation with these methods cannot be achieved within 24 hours, alternative methods can be approved for use. One alternative method recently investigated for its effectiveness is ventilation shutdown (VSD). Ventilation shutdown (VSD) is defined as the cessation of natural or mechanical ventilation of atmospheric air in a building where birds are housed, with or without action to increase ambient temperature. The Department for Environment, Food, & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) set a precedence for VSD use within the United Kingdom with their “Guidelines for Killing Poultry Using Ventilation Shutdown (VSD)”. However, until recently, no research has been published to support their instructions. Researchers at North Carolina State University have spent the past three years evaluating the effectiveness of VSD and ventilation shutdown with supplemental heat (VSDH) in commercial poultry, including egg-laying hens, turkeys, and broilers. Significant differences were observed in behavior, stress physiology, and environmental parameters between species, suggesting that the effect of heat is dependent on the age, body weight, and past management experiences. These differences have led researchers to question the effectiveness of VSD and VSDH in breeders, whose body weight and management experiences vary from commercially produced poultry. The overall goal of this project is to examine the effectiveness of ventilation shut down (VSD) and ventilation shutdown with supplemental heat (VSDH) for depopulating broiler breeders. Ventilation shutdown with supplemental CO2, also known as whole house gassing (WHG), will be used as the control. The specific objectives of this project will be broken down into three phases: 1) Determining time to brain death for VSD, VSDH, and WHG; 2) Evaluating behavior and stress physiology at specific time points during depopulation; 3) Examining the effectiveness of VSD, VSDH, and WHG in a larger facility mimicking depopulation in a commercial breeder setting. The project will be completed on North Carolina State University’s campus. Both male and female breeders will be used. Bird behaviors will be attained using GoPro cameras. Blood and tissue samples will be collected to measure heat stress and changes in physiology. External and internal temperature probes will be used to measure core body temperatures. Carbon dioxide, ambient temperature, and relative humidity (RH) will be measured to determine changes in environmental parameters throughout each treatment for all three phases.

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Evaluation of two Commercial Products for their Abilities to Reduce Ammonia Volatilization from Broiler Litter

Biodyne, Inc.(2/04/19 - 5/15/19)

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Evaluation of two Commercial Products for their Abilities to Reduce Ammonia Volatilization from Broiler Litter

Sponsor: Biodyne, Inc.

Start Date: 2/04/19

End Date: 5/15/19

Abstract

Ammonia release from chicken litter can affect the health of chickens as well as workers. Emission of the ammonia into the environment can also affect environment, public health, quality of life (odor), and visibility. Certain additives can be added to the litter to reduce ammonia emissions. We propose to evaluate two biological additives for their abilities to reduce ammonia emission from litter. This 42-day study will be conducted at the bench-scale.

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Evaluating Broiler And Turkey Behavior And Physiological Stress Indicators During VSD With Additions Of Heat Or CO2 For The Development Of Humane Methodologies For Mass Depopulation During A Disease Outbreak

United States Poultry & Egg Association(10/01/17 - 5/31/19)

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Evaluating Broiler And Turkey Behavior And Physiological Stress Indicators During VSD With Additions Of Heat Or CO2 For The Development Of Humane Methodologies For Mass Depopulation During A Disease Outbreak

Sponsor: United States Poultry & Egg Association

Start Date: 10/01/17

End Date: 5/31/19

Abstract

The objective is to examine the overall effectiveness of ventilation shut down (VSD) for depopulating broilers and turkeys through monitoring environmental parameters, behavior, and stress physiology. Since these two types of poultry are vastly different it is imperative we understand their response to the depopulation methods which were developed in the first study. The evaluations will start with the evaluation of VSD, VSD+Heat and VSD+CO2 process compared these methods with broilers and turkeys. The birds will be placed in chambers with CO2 and temperature monitors to assess temperature, CO2 and percent relative humidity (RH%) as levels rise over time. Phase 1, will consist of brain activity (EEG) and body temperature will be measured at various time points to determine when hens become insensible and death occurs. Individual birds will be recorded using video cameras to assess the behavioral changes during VSD. Phase 2, will consist of blood samples collected to measure blood metabolites as indicators of heat stress at specific timed intervals throughout the process. The goal is to collect the physiological profile of the two species under controlled conditions in order to extrapolate this into the larger trials. Ultimately Phase 3 will have the goal to mimic conditions and temperatures which may occur in a commercial facility as VSD, VSD+Heat and VSD+CO2 depopulation methods are employed in a larger scale floor facility. The information found will determine the effectiveness of VSD for depopulation at given environmental conditions and allow for the large scale up to large floor houses thereby providing the industry a protocol to follow for mass depopulation in a disease outbreak.

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Evaluating hen behavior and physiological stressors during VSD for the development of humane methodologies for mass depopulation during a disease outbreak

United States Poultry & Egg Association(11/01/15 - 2/01/17)

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Evaluating hen behavior and physiological stressors during VSD for the development of humane methodologies for mass depopulation during a disease outbreak

Sponsor: United States Poultry & Egg Association

Start Date: 11/01/15

End Date: 2/01/17

Abstract

In 2015 the egg industry has been hit with one of the worst disease outbreaks in US Poultry history and the need for timely depopulation was identified as a critical control measures to contain an HPAI outbreak (USDA 2015). Delayed depopulation is a primary predictive factor in determining the size of an outbreak based on the 2003 H7N7 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the Netherlands (Le Menach et al. 2006). The current methods of CO2 Kill Carts, CO2 infusion of an entire production house, and Fire Fighting Foam to asphyxiate the flock can become quickly overwhelmed in the face of 36.5 million laying hens in need of being depopulated. In addition, the latter two methods do not work effectively with the vertical configuration of the battery cage in commercial cage layer houses. The objectives are to use end of lay hens to evaluate the VSD process in small chambers compared to known methods of CO2 and then a combination of VSD and CO2. Initially individual hens (experimental subjects) will be have EEG electrodes affixed to monitor brain activity. These hens will be placed in small chambers which will monitor multiple environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and CO2 as levels rise in the chamber, blood samples will be collected from experimental subjects to measure blood metabolites (e.g. glucose, uric acid, calcium and potassium) as indicators of heat stress. In addition, brain activity (EEG), heart rate (ECG) and body temperature (rectal temperature and thermal images) will be measured at various time points to determine when the hens become insensible and when death occurs. CO2 and temperature monitors will assess temperature, CO2 and percent relative humidity (RH%). The goal is to mimic the conditions and temperatures of a commercial facility as VSD or CO2 depopulation methods are employed. Individual hen behavior will be recorded using video cameras to assess the behavioral changes. Then scale up to multi-tier cages looking at VSD’s effectiveness in for depopulating laying hens by monitoring the environmental conditions of temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentrations on brain function, behavior, and stress physiology to refine the model thereby providing the industry a protocol to follow for depopulation in a quarantine.

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LOW-COST SOLAR HEATER FOR POULTRY BARNS

United States Poultry & Egg Association(11/01/15 - 8/01/17)

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LOW-COST SOLAR HEATER FOR POULTRY BARNS

Sponsor: United States Poultry & Egg Association

Start Date: 11/01/15

End Date: 8/01/17

Abstract

Poultry brooding is expensive as it requires lots of propane. Further, many poultry producers reduce ventilation during brooding and winter to conserve propane. Reduced ventilation can degrade barn air quality which may adversely impact bird performance and worker health. Solar heating using transpired solar collector (TSC) can help reduce propane use by warming the incoming air temperature. However, conventional metal TSCs are very expensive. Our preliminary data show that a collector made of black plastic sheet can raise air temperature by up to 35 F and such a plastic TSC (pTSC) will cost only a fraction of the metal TSC. Hence, the overall objective of the proposed research is to evaluate the economic and technical feasibilities of using a pTSC in turkey brooding. A 4 ft by 8 ft pTSC module will be designed and fabricated for heating a room housing 250 turkey poults. The performance of this pTSC module will be evaluated based on temperature rise at different airflow rates as well as energy recovered (Btu/h and propane replaced). Energy use, environmental conditions, and air quality will be compared in the room heated with the pTSC with the adjacent control room, also with 250 poults; both rooms will also have conventional heating. Over two brooding flocks (total 10 weeks), bird performance (average daily weight gain, feed conversion, and mortalities) will be compared between the rooms with and without pTSC. Since the pTSC acts as a blackbody, it can provide supplemental cooling during nighttime. Hence, a bench-scale pTSC will be tested at different suction velocities to evaluate cooling effectiveness. Coconut coir as a desiccant to dehumidify the fresh air will also be examined.

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Combined Heat Recovery and Ammonia Control System for Broiler Brooding

United States Poultry & Egg Association(1/01/15 - 12/01/17)

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Combined Heat Recovery and Ammonia Control System for Broiler Brooding

Sponsor: United States Poultry & Egg Association

Start Date: 1/01/15

End Date: 12/01/17

Abstract

During brooding, temperature difference of up to 20ï‚°F between the ceiling and floor of a poultry house during brooding can cause substantial heat loss through the ceiling and increase cost of heating to the producer. This temperature stratification and energy use can be greatly reduced using mixing fans but recirculating the warm air collecting near the ceiling to the chicks or poults near the floor also brings down the ammonia-laden air into the breathing zone of the birds. Combining the heat recovery unit with an ammonia filtration system could reduce energy use as well as ammonia concentrations at bird height and may thus improve bird performance. Reduced propane use would also reduce CO2, CO, and water vapor concentrations inside the barn and may thus provide additional benefits to the birds. The proposed heat recovery and ammonia control (HRAC) system will consist of a fan and a filter. The filter will be a thin layer of acidified activated carbon (AC) which can sorb ammonia and amines (very odorous) and can be added back into the litter to recycle the nitrogen. Lab tests will be conducted to select the proper AC medium and to design the filter system. The HRAC will be designed using computational fluid dynamics for cost-effectiveness. Five units of the HRAC will be fabricated and after lab testing, will be deployed in the brood chamber of broiler houses for testing. Energy use, inside environmental conditions, bird performance, and litter moisture content will be compared between the test (with five HRAC) and adjacent, identical control houses. Testing will be performed for both the fall and winter flocks on farm with radiant brooders and the less-efficient pancake brooders. Based on research by others on different methods of air-mixing, with the HRAC, a 30% reduction in propane use is feasible. There is no research on the impact of reducing ammonia, CO2, CO, and water vapor concentrations at bird height on bird performance but given the impact of air quality and litter moisture on bird performance, improvements in bird performance is expected.

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Engineered windbreak wall - Negetative Strip System to Reduce Pollutant and Odor Emissions from Mechanically-Ventilated Broiler and Swine Barns

US Dept. of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS)(9/29/14 - 12/31/18)

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Engineered windbreak wall - Negetative Strip System to Reduce Pollutant and Odor Emissions from Mechanically-Ventilated Broiler and Swine Barns

Sponsor: US Dept. of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS)

Start Date: 9/29/14

End Date: 12/31/18

Abstract

The likelihood of the EPA regulating air pollutant emissions and local pressure to control odors necessitate the use of cost-effective methods to treat swine barn exhaust. Currently there are no cost-effective technologies for treating exhaust from livestock barns. We propose an engineered windbreak wall - vegetative strip system where the exhaust from the barn would be partially treated in a vegetative strip causing the free- and particle-bound gases to settle out, permitting the soil and plants to assimilate these pollutants. The windbreak wall would also facilitate dilution of the exhaust to reduce odors. The system would be designed using computational fluid dynamics software, then tested in the lab, and finally installed and monitored over 24 months at commercial swine and broiler farms in Lillington, NC. In addition to evaluation reduction in gas and particulate matter concentrations in the exhaust, changes in chemical concentrations will be monitored in the plants and soil will be compared with "control treatment" samples. The cost-effectiveness of this system, expressed in $/kg of pollutant reduced will be calculated.

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