Education

Research Description

Water quality monitoring and modeling and BMP evaluation

Publications

Effectiveness of livestock exclusion in a pasture of Central North Carolina

Line, D. E., Osmond, D. L., & Childres, W. (2016), Journal of Environmental Quality, 45(6), 1926-1932.

Runoff and pollutant export from a LID subdivision in North Carolina

Line, D. E., & White, N. M. (2016), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 142(1).

Effects of livestock exclusion and stream restoration on the water quality of a North Carolina stream

Line, D. E. (2015), Transactions of the ASABE, 58(6), 1547-1557.

Metrics for assessing thermal performance of stormwater control measures

Wardynski, B. J., Winston, R. J., Line, D. E., & Hunt, W. F. (2014), Ecological Engineering, 71, 551-562.

Estimating suspended solids from turbidity in the Robeson Creek, NC watershed

Line, D. E., Hall, K. R., & Blackwell, J. D. (2013), Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 49(6), 1412-1420.

LID treatment train: Pervious concrete with subsurface storage in series with bioretention and care with seasonal high water tables

Brown, R. A., Line, D. E., & Hunt, W. F. (2012), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 138(6), 689-697.

Effectiveness of LID for commercial development in North Carolina

Line, D. E., Brown, R. A., Hunt, W. F., & Lord, W. G. (2012), Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.), 138(6), 680-688.

Constructed storm-water wetland installation and maintenance: are we getting it right?

Hunt, W. F. M., Greenway, M., Moore, T. C., Brown, R. A., Kennedy, S. G., Line, D. E., & Lord, W. G. (2011), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 137(8), 469-474.

Sediment export from a highway construction site in central North Carolina

Line, D. E., Shaffer, M. B., & Blackwell, J. D. (2011), Transactions of the ASABE, 54(1), 105-111.

Bioretention outflow: Does it mimic nonurban watershed shallow Interflow?

DeBusk, K. M., Hunt, W. F., & Line, D. E. (2011), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 16(3), 274-279.

View all publications via NC State Libraries

Grants

Upper Durant Lake Retrofit Alternatives Analysis

Raleigh, NC(1/19/18 - 6/30/19)

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Upper Durant Lake Retrofit Alternatives Analysis

Sponsor: Raleigh, NC

Start Date: 1/19/18

End Date: 6/30/19

Abstract

NC Sea Grant and NC State University’s Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department (BAE) will evaluate alternatives for the best long-term management and use of Upper Durant Lake within the City of Raleigh's Durant Nature Preserve. Because of the significantly reduced capacity of the lake due to decades of sedimentation, a failing outlet structure, and the structurally compromised spillway and embankment, the City recognizes the need identify opportunities for repairing and modifying the existing lake to improve water quality protection, ecosystem services, flood control, recreational and educational opportunities. NCSU BAE will thereby conduct a watershed and site assessment and develop engineering alternatives for the Lake.

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Flood Abatement for Neuse, Tar, and Lumber Rivers

NC Department of Transportation(2/01/18 - 6/30/19)

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Flood Abatement for Neuse, Tar, and Lumber Rivers

Sponsor: NC Department of Transportation

Start Date: 2/01/18

End Date: 6/30/19

Abstract

Recent major flooding events of the Neuse, Tar, and Lumber Rivers have highlighted the need to identify the causes of the flooding and to assess potential abatement and mitigation measures. The purpose of this project is to apply hydrologic, hydraulic and geospatial modeling and analyses to the Neuse, Tar, and Lumber River Basins to better understand the source(s) and nature of flooding in the Basins and assess potential abatement measures. The NC State University Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department (NCSU BAE) is currently conducting a flood assessment study for the Town of Windsor and the Cashie River in Bertie County. Processes, methods and lessons learned from the Cashie River study will be applied to the Neuse, Tar, and Lumber River Basins. NCSU BAE will use a team of engineers and an integrated approach to model and evaluate landuse changes, extreme flood events, structures and floodplain encroachments. Model results will be used to document the relative contributions of subwatersheds within the basin, landuse changes, precipitation patterns, structures and floodplain encroachments to downstream flooding and to assess the effectiveness of potential abatement measures. The study will include analysis of historical, current and future hydrologic, hydraulic and geospatial conditions within the three river Basins.

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Evaluation of Nutrient Reduction Crediting Strategies for Stream Restoration

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)(10/01/17 - 8/31/18)

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Evaluation of Nutrient Reduction Crediting Strategies for Stream Restoration

Sponsor: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Start Date: 10/01/17

End Date: 8/31/18

Abstract

The NC Division of Water Resources (DWR) has developed draft standards for awarding nutrient credits for stream restoration efforts. The proposed guidance borrows heavily from the current Chesapeake Bay Protocol (CBP). The credit considers three potential nutrient credit elements for stream restoration projects including 1) prevented sediment during storm flow, 2) instream denitrification during base flow and 3) floodplain reconnection. The first element concerns lowering nutrients by reducing stream bank and bed erosion, the second by enhancing the hyporheic zone of the stream and the third by reducing channel size and/or increasing floodplain area. NC Sea Grant and NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department will review and refine the draft protocol in an effort to assist DWR in developing a practical and appropriate nutrient crediting framework for eligible stream restoration projects with a goal of acheiving nutrient reductions in Nutrient Management Strategy watersheds. Specifically, Sea Grant and NCSU will conduct a review of the draft standards and test the proposed nutrient credit calculation methods on four case study restoration projects in order to: 1) quantify the level of effort necessary to prepare nutrient credit estimates, 2) identify opportunities to address shortcomings and simplify the proposed credit standards and 3) where appropriate, develop modified nutrient credit standards for improving application and accuracy of reduction estimates. In addition, USGS gage station data analysis will be conducted at five streams in order to evaluate relationships in channel size, hydrology, watershed size and floodplain flow frequency. Field survey, assessment and modeling of case study restored streams and modeling of USGS gaged streams will be conducted for this effort.

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Town of Windsor Flood Reduction Feasibility Study

Bertie County(6/01/17 - 6/30/18)

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Town of Windsor Flood Reduction Feasibility Study

Sponsor: Bertie County

Start Date: 6/01/17

End Date: 6/30/18

Abstract

The Town of Windsor has recently experienced severe flooding from several large hurricane and tropical storm events that has resulted in substantial structural flooding and associated damage. The town is actively mitigating the damage through buyout and retrofitting programs. However, due to the historic significance of the town combined with serving as the economic center of Bertie County, there is also a strong desire to protect the future of the town by reducing the frequency and magnitude of future flood events. This proposal outlines a flood reduction feasibility study that is intended to identify appropriate engineering options and best management practices targeted at reducing runoff and surface flow reaching the Cashie River from the watershed and its tributaries and for reducing the direct flow of water into the town during river flooding events. The study will help Windsor and Bertie County to prioritize appropriate approaches for reducing flooding.

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Demonstration and Evaluation of Regenerative Stormwater Conveyance (RSC) as a BMP to Reduce Nutrient Pollution from Agricultural Sources to Surface Waters

NC Department of Justice(6/01/17 - 6/01/20)

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Demonstration and Evaluation of Regenerative Stormwater Conveyance (RSC) as a BMP to Reduce Nutrient Pollution from Agricultural Sources to Surface Waters

Sponsor: NC Department of Justice

Start Date: 6/01/17

End Date: 6/01/20

Abstract

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate and evaluate a regenerative stormwater conveyance (RSC) practice on a swine and beef farm in Randolph county. Discharge from two similar streams will be monitored prior to and following the installation of an RSC on one of the streams. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loading in each stream will be statistically compared to determine the effectiveness of the RSC. Results will be presented in research articles and fact sheets.

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Efficacy of linear wetlands to treat agricultural drainage water in the Little River watershed

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)(3/01/16 - 12/31/18)

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Efficacy of linear wetlands to treat agricultural drainage water in the Little River watershed

Sponsor: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Start Date: 3/01/16

End Date: 12/31/18

Abstract

The use of constructed wetlands strategically placed in the watershed is one alternative that appears promising. Wetlands have been used to successfully treat drainage water, but data documenting the treatment efficiency is sparse and has no-doubt limited the ability of the practice to be adopted on a more widespread basis. To test and demonstrate this practice, Albemarle RC&D and its project partners are finalizing the design of approximately 1700 linear feet of constructed wetlands within a main drainage canal within the Little River Watershed. This proposal will outline how our team from the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering (BAE) at NC State University will provide assistance to the Albemarle RC&D in documenting the performance of these linear constructed wetlands in the Little River Watershed.

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In-stream wetlands as part of the Little River watershed restoration project

NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund(1/01/16 - 8/31/18)

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In-stream wetlands as part of the Little River watershed restoration project

Sponsor: NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund

Start Date: 1/01/16

End Date: 8/31/18

Abstract

The overarching goal of this project is to demonstrate and evaluate constructed wetlands as a way to mitigate the effects of surface runoff/subsurface drainage on the water quality of the Little River, with particular emphasis in nutrient (N and P) reduction. In a partnership with ARCD, BAE will: 1. Provide consultation for final design and implementation of the constructed wetlands; 2. Design and implement a water quality sampling scheme that will maximize information gained on wetland treatment efficiency given a limited timescale and budget; 3. Synthesize data and evaluate the potential of constructed wetlands to improve water quality in the Little River watershed; 4. Participate in outreach such as field days and the development of education materials that will document potential widespread use of constructed wetlands in rural areas.

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City of Greensboro Stream and Lake Protection Project

Greensboro, NC(12/01/14 - 2/28/18)

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City of Greensboro Stream and Lake Protection Project

Sponsor: Greensboro, NC

Start Date: 12/01/14

End Date: 2/28/18

Abstract

The City of Greensboro has contracted with Withers and Ravenel (W&R) to design and implement sediment control control measures near the inlets to their water supply lakes. The City also wanted water quality monitoring to document the effectiveness of the measures. Thus, W&R has requested that NCSU_BAE conduct the monitoring of these measures, which is what this proposal is for.

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Monitoring and Evaluation of Millstone Creek Tributaries, Randolph County, North Carolina

NC Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)(7/01/14 - 12/31/18)

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Monitoring and Evaluation of Millstone Creek Tributaries, Randolph County, North Carolina

Sponsor: NC Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)

Start Date: 7/01/14

End Date: 12/31/18

Abstract

The Ecosystem Enhancement Program requests the services of NC State University (NCSU) for production of stream restoration related work on sites identified and managed under the EEP. The Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and NC Sea Grant at NCSU will work with the EEP to assess, monitor and advise as needed to help determine the most appropriate restoration design and construction approaches for maximizing ecological function and pollutant removal as needed to maximize the functional efficacy of stream and wetland rehabilitation projects designed to provide compensatory mitigation. Millstone Creek Stream Restoration Project in Randolph County, NC has been identified as a project for NCSU to provide these services. This project includes two low-order highly incised tributaries that are good candidates for assessing the performance of Regenerative Stormwater Conveyance (RSC) as a restoration approach for agriculture dominated watersheds. The Millstone Creek tributaries receive high nutrient loads from adjacent pasture area that receives land-applied animal waste. The project represents a good opportunity to document stability, aquatic community, groundwater and pollutant removal response to various restoration and enhancement approaches. NC State will first conduct pre-restoration monitoring on both tributaries in order to establish baseline water quality and hydrology conditions.

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Implementing and Evaluating Stormwater BMPs in Durham

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)(1/01/14 - 9/30/17)

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Implementing and Evaluating Stormwater BMPs in Durham

Sponsor: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Start Date: 1/01/14

End Date: 9/30/17

Abstract

The NC State University Biological and Agricultural Engineering Dept. proposes to install stormwater runoff BMP’s in the Woodcroft HOA soccer fields located in south Durham. The stormwater BMPs would replace a concrete-lined channel with a vegetated swale and the downstream wet area with probably a stormwater wetland. Surface water inflow to and outflow from the BMP combination will be monitored continuously via automated samplers. Groundwater inflow appears to be minimal and thus will not be monitored. Nitrogen (TKN, NH3-N, NOx-N), phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS) loads will be computed and used as the measure of the reduction efficiency. Statistical analysis will be conducted to determine whether the reductions are significant with respect to unexplainable/natural variability. Construction cost data will be maintained and used to compute a cost-effectiveness of the stormwater wetland. Monitoring data from this project will be used to help calibrate the Jordan Lake Stormwater Load Accounting Tool. Results will be presented at statewide and likely national meetings/conferences along with publication in a scientific journal.

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