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2009
Author(s): Blecken, G., Y. Zinger, A. Deletic, T.D. Fletcher, and M. Viklander.
Title: “Impact of a Submerged Zone and a Carbon Source on Heavy Metal Removal in Stormwater Biofilters”
Journal (Issue): Ecological Engineering, 35(5): 769-778.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Including a submerged anoxic zone and carbon source has been shown to enhance denitrification. This study looks at how the presence of this design modification impact treatment of heavy metals. Biofilter mesocosms were used to test these conditions. The results show that a submerged anoxic zone and carbon source have a significant impact on metal treatment. Copper removal improved significantly. Lead and zinc removal was enhanced, but they had high removals (>95%) in standard biofilters, so the impact was less. The incorporation of a submerged anoxic zone and carbon source is recommended in stormwater biofilters due to their ability to further increase metal removal.
Author(s): Clark, S., and R. Pitt.
Title: “Storm-Water Filter Media Pollutant Retention under Aerobic versus Anaerobic Conditions”
Journal (Issue): ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(5): 367-371.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: In stormwater filters, there are times when no inflow enters and the pore water stagnates. During the stagnation period, anaerobic conditions could develop on a macro- or micro-scale. Four potential media filters were examined to determine their potential to retain trapped pollutants under anaerobic conditions. For the highly organic compost media, retention of nutrients may not occur under anaerobic conditions. The 4 types of media that were examined included: sand, activated carbon, peat moss, and compost.
Author(s): Davis, A.P., W.F. Hunt, R.G. Traver, and M.E. Clar.
Title: “Bioretention Technology: An Overview of Current Practice and Future Needs”
Journal (Issue): ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(3): 109-117.
Study Type: Literature Review and Assessment of the Practice
Description: This article examined where the practice of bioretention stood in 2008/2009 by highlighting the research completed to date. It described how different design configurations are responsible for removing specific pollutants found in stormwater. Varying design guidance’s from different states (DE, MD, NC, and PA) with respect to maximum ponding depth and soil/filter media composition and depth were highlighted. It concluded with highlighting different areas of the practice that still need to be researched further to create more efficient design guidelines with respect to water quality, quantity and life-cycle costs.
Author(s): Diblasi, C.J., H. Li, A.P. Davis, and U. Ghosh.
Title: “Removal and gate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollutants in an Urban Stormwater Bioretention Facility”
Journal (Issue): Environmenal Science and Technology, 43(2): 494-502.
Study Type: Laboratory and Field
Description: Removal and fate of 16 USEPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from stormwater were investigated. The EMC reduction of PAHs ranged from 31 to 99% for field water quality monitoring and bioretention media core analyses. The mean discharge EMC was 0.22 ug/L. There was an average load reduction of PAHs of 87%. The influent PAHs had a strong affiliation with TSS in runoff. Flouanthene and pyrene were the most dominant PAH species studied. When investigating sources, vehicle combustion processes and sealers used in parking lots and driveway coatings were the main sources. The media core analysis showed that PAHs were only transported to a depth of a few centimeters from the soil surface, suggesting that shallow cell design would be sufficient for systems that focused on PAH removal.
Author(s): Endreny, T., and V. Collins.
Title: “Implications of Bioretention Basin Spatial Arrangements on Stormwater Recharge and Groundwater Mounding”
Journal (Issue): Ecological Engineering, 35(5): 670-677.
Study Type: Modeling
Description: MODFLOW was used to simulate bioretention response to examine how groundwater mounding responded to 3 spatial arrangements of bioretention cells (fully distributed units, clustered units, and single units). Thirty years of simulations showed a rise in the steady state water table by 1.1 m. Subsequent storm mounding was shown to interfere with subsurface infrastructure in about 20% of the watershed (localized in the floodplain). Mounding was the highest in the single units and lowest in the fully distributed units.
Author(s): Garbrecht, K., G.A. Fox, J.A. Guzman, and D. Alexander.
Title: “Technical Note: E. coli Transport through Soil Columns: Implications for Bioretention Cell Removal Efficiency”
Journal (Issue): Transactions of the ASABE, 52(2): 481-486.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Determining breakthrough concentration curves for E. coli. Head builds up when ponding is increased, which can increase flow velocity carrying E. coli, and reduce removal efficiency. Removal efficiency can be increased with addition of smaller particles (clays).
Author(s): Gilroy, K.L., and R.H. McCuen.
Title: “Spatio-Temporal Effects of Low Impact Development Practices”
Journal (Issue): Journal of Hydrology, 367(3-4): 228-236.
Study Type: Modeling
Description: This paper examines the effect of location and quantity of bioretention pits and cisterns on peak runoff rates and volumes. Percent reduction in peak flow rate and total volume is positively correlated to volume of the BMP storage. In looking at the microwatershed, location and volume of BMP storage influence effectiveness of BMPs.
Author(s): Jones, M.P. and W.F. Hunt.
Title: “Bioretention Impact on Runoff Temperature in Trout Sensitive Waters”
Journal (Issue): ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering (in press- August 09).
Study Type: Field
Description: Impact of media depth and size of bioretention cell with respect to the drainage area on reducing runoff temperature from asphalt parking lots in western NC were studied. Four bioretention cells of varying vegetation density and drainage area : bioretention cell surface area ratios were studied for 2 summers. Smaller bioretention areas were able to significantly reduce maximum and median temperatures between the inlet and outlet, where larger bioretention areas only significantly reduced the maximum temperatures. However, the larger systems showed evidence of larger volume reduction, which increases thermal load reduction. The effluent temperatures were coolest at deeper depths, so an optimum drain depth would be 90 to 120 cm in regions where coldwater streams are located.
Author(s): Li, H., L.J. Sharkey, W.F. Hunt, and A.P. Davis.
Title: “Mitigation of Impervious Surface Hydrology using Bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland”
Journal (Issue): ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 14(4): 407-415.
Study Type: Field
Description: Hydrologic performance was measured for 6 bioretention cells (4 in North Carolina & 2 in Maryland) using LID hydrology goal metrics proposed by Davis (2008). Media depth and relative volume to watershed size may be the primary design parameter controlling hydrologic performance. Analysis of annual water budget showed that exfiltration and evapotranspiration accounted for approximately 20-50% of annual runoff entering the bioretention cells.
Author(s): Line, D.E. and W.F. Hunt.
Title: “Performance of a Bioretention Area and a Level Spreader-Grass Filter Strip at Two Highway Sites in North Carolina”
Journal (Issue): ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 135(2): 217-224.
Study Type: Field
Description: Assessed the performance of a bioretention cell and level spreader-grass filter strip at highway sites in central NC. Data are available on peak flows, outflow reduction, turbidity, and concentration and load reductions for nitrogen species, phosphorus species, total suspended solids, and metals. The fill media at this site was 1.2 m deep, and little volume reduction was measured at this site. In general, highest load reduction came from TSS (76%) and the worst constituent was nitrate+nitrite-N (addition of 254%). Good reduction of heavy metals and moderate reductions of ammonia-N, total phosphorus, and TKN. Total nitrogen performance was poor (addition of 17%) due to the high levels of nitrate+nitrite-N being exported.
Author(s): Passeport, E., W.F. Hunt, D.E. Line, R.A. Smith, and R.A. Brown.
Title: “Field Study of the Ability of Two Grassed Bioretention Cells to Reduce Stormwater Runoff Pollution”
Journal (Issue): ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (in press – July/August 09).
Study Type: Field
Description: Examined the performance of bioretention cells vegetated with sod in Graham, NC. Two cells with 0.75 (North) and 1.05 m (South) deep media depth and internal storage zones were studied, and an expanded slate (Stalite) was used in the engineered media. When effluent concentrations at this site were compared to other conventionally vegetated (mulch/shrub/tree) bioretention cells in NC, these performed favorably. Data are available on fecal coliform, nitrogen species, and phosphorus species. With the exception of nitrate+nitrite-N, outflow concentrations for both cells were significantly lower than the inflow concentrations for all nitrogen species and phosphorus species studied. Nitrogen species load reductions ranged from 47-88% and phosphorus species reductions ranged from 52-77%. The North cell had a clay in-situ soil and the South cell had a sandy loam in-situ soil. The north cell had a significant reduction in nitrate+nitrite-N because water would remain in the internal storage zone longer and promote denitrification.
Author(s): Roseen, R.M., T.P Ballestero, J.J. Houle, P. Avellaneda, J. Briggs, G. Fowler, and R. Wildey.
Title: “Seasonal Performance Variations for Storm-Water Management Systems in Cold Climate Conditions”
Journal (Issue): ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(3): 128-137.
Study Type: Field
Description: There are concerns with using LID practices in northern climates due to uncertainty of performance related to frozen filter media and dormant biological functions. Six varied LID practices were compared to conventional BMPs and manufactured BMPs. Performance was tested for a 24 month period at the University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center. Two types of bioretention cells were tested as part of the LID practices. Results showed a high level of functionality of LID practices in winter months and that performance is not reduced from frozen filter media. The results support the use of LID in cold climates. Many of the systems that are commonly used without concern for reduced winter performance actually have reduced performance. Parameters tested include: zinc, TSS, total phosphorus, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and total petroleum hydrocarbons-diesel.
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