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2007
Author(s): Blecken, G.T., Y. Zinger, T.M. Muthanna, A. Deletic, T.D. Fletcher, and M. Viklander
Title: “The influence of temperature on nutrient treatment efficiency in stormwater biofilter systems”
Journal (Issue): Water Science and Technology, 56(10), 83-91
Study Type: Laboratory
Description:A biofilter column study was performed at cold temperatures (2 oC, 8 oC, and 20 oC) to measure nitrogen removal. Little nitrogen leaching occurred at low temperatures (2 oC or 8 oC), while high production occurred at the control temperature (20 oC) [-208% removal, on average], due to lack of denitrification. NH4+ was removed at all temperatures, and nitrate increased at all temperatures, with the highest addition occurring at the control temperature (20 oC).
Author(s): Braga, A., M. Horst, and R.G. Traver.
Title: “Temperature Effects on the Infiltration Rate through an Infiltration Basin BMP”
Journal (Issue): Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 133(6): 593-601.
Study Type: Field & Modeling
Description: Infiltration BMPs are sized to capture a predetermined volume of runoff. This volume is commonly referred to as the Water Quality Volume. This method does not take into account infiltration taking place during the event, which could result in oversized BMPs. Varying infiltration rates were simulated through a large-scale rock infiltration basin BMP using single event and continuous flow models to predict performance of the site. Effectiveness and accuracy of the model were compared to observed bed water elevation data recorded on site. When bed depths are less than 10 cm, hydraulic conductivity is the most sensitive parameter. Storm event measured infiltration rate is substantially less than the measured hydraulic conductivity in the soil. Temperature is the governing factor affecting hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate. Infiltration rate was affected by as much as 56%.
Author(s): Davis, A.P.
Title: “Field Performance of Bioretention: Water Quality”
Journal (Issue): Environmental Engineering Science, 24(8): 1048-1064.
Study Type: Field
Description: Examined inflow and outflow water quality for 2 bioretention cells on University of Maryland campus. The one cell had an anoxic sump and the other did not. Data are available on phosphorus, total suspended solids, copper, lead, zinc, and nitrate. For all analytes except nitrate, individual samples were taken and analyzed throughout 1 entire event. The hydrology data for these sites are available in Davis (2008).
Author(s): Dietz, M.E.
Title: “Low Impact Development Practices: A Review of Current Research and Recommendations for Future Directions”
Journal (Issue): Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 186(1-4): 351-363.
Study Type: Literature Review
Description: This article examined the research done to date on following low impact development practices: bioretention, pervious pavement, green roofs, and grassed swales. It highlights the effectiveness of the practices and issues that have been observed with prior research. The major issue with bioretention, grassed swales, and green roofs has been exporting phosphorus. With bioretention, retention of nitrate-nitrogen had been poor, but the practice has been shown to effectively retain large volumes of runoff and pollutants on site and consistently reduce metals. Future research needs were identified.
Author(s): Hatt, B.E., A. Deletic, and T.D. Fletcher
Title: “Stormwater reuse: designing biofiltration systems for reliable treatment”
Journal (Issue): Water Science and Technology, 55(4), 201-209
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Non-vegetated, soil-based filters were studied to examine performance of removal of TSS, heavy metals, and nutrients. Six different filter media were tested. Results showed removal of solids (>80%); and lead, copper, and zinc (>90%). Three of the filters were able to remove phosphorus. Five of the filters (excluding sand) were net producers of nitrogen. If reuse of stormwater is desired for irrigation, these practices are promising technologies because of their removal of heavy metals.
Author(s): Hatt, B.E., T.D. Fletcher, and A. Deletic
Title: “Hydraulic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater filters under variable wetting and drying regimes”
Journal (Issue): Water Science and Technology, 56(12), 11-19
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: The impacts of hydraulic and pollutant removal on non-vegetated, soil-based filters were studied for varying antecedent weather conditions. During wet periods, semi-synthetic stormwater was applied 3 times a week. Dry periods ranged from 2 to 5 weeks. Infiltration capacity was reduced during the wet periods. No impact was observed for removal of sediment, heavy metals, and phosphorus, during different antecedent weather conditions. However, following extended dry periods, nitrogen effluent concentrations were the highest.
Author(s): Henderson, C., M. Greenway, and I. Phillips.
Title: “Removal of Dissolved Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Carbon from Stormwater by Bioinfiltration Mesocosms”
Journal (Issue): Water Science & Technology, 55(4): 183-191.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Biofiltration mesocosms were constructed for nutrient removal (nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon). Six treatments analyze 3 types of media (gravel, sand, and sandy-loam) and the presence or absence of vegetation. The vegetated mesocosms substantially reduced more nutrients than the non-vegetated ones. The results of flushing the mesocosms with tap water led to more leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus in the non-vegetated mesocosms than in the vegetated mesocosms. This shows that more nutrients can be retained in the media for vegetated systems during initial flush after an inter-event dry period. The plant growth was the best and most vigorous in the sandy-loam media.
Author(s): Hsieh, C., A.P. Davis, and B.A. Needelman.
Title: “Nitrogen Removal from Urban Stormwater Runoff through Layered Bioretention Columns”
Journal (Issue): Water Environment Research, 79(12): 2404-2411.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: 2 bioretention columns with different media-layering characteristics were investigated to determine fates of mineral nitrogen compounds. For the column with a high permeability layer over a low permeability layer, ammonium reduction was higher (68 +/-16%) compared to a column with an inverse configuration (12 +/- 6%). Both columns exported nitrate-nitrogen. This occurred as a result of washout from the nitrification processes that took place between runoff events. It was also shown that media with lower permeability in the lower layer could form an anoxic/anaerobic zone to promote denitrification processes.
Author(s): Hsieh, C., A.P. Davis, and B.A. Needelman.
Title: “Bioretention Column Studies of Phosphorus Removal from Urban Stormwater Runoff”
Journal (Issue): Water Environment Research, 79(2): 177-184.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Batch and column adsorption experiments and a pilot-scale layered column study were run to determine phosphorus removal from synthetic stormwater. Continuous column experiments were run. It was found that short-term dissolved phosphorus sorption capacity was positively correlated with slow reaction phosphorus sorption. In tests that had media with lower permeability below media with higher permeability (increased contact time), the phosphorus removal was higher (85% mass removal) than the opposite layering (63% mass removal). It is suggested through media extractions that most of the retained phosphorus in the media layers is available for plant uptake.
Author(s): Le Coustumer, S., T.D. Fletcher, A. Deletic, and S. Barraud.
Title: “Hydraulic Performance of Biofilters for Stormwater Management: First Lessons from both Laboratory and Field Studies”
Journal (Issue): Water Science and Technology, 56(10): 93-100.
Study Type: Laboratory and Field
Description: Since many systems fail after a few years of operation, this study looked at factors that influence hydraulic behavior over time. Field experiments showed that 43% of the systems tested were functioning below Australian guidelines for hydraulic conductivity. Size of biofilter relative to the catchment area, type of media, and evolution of hydraulic conductivity were examined. Initial trends show that systems with dense vegetation have higher hydraulic conductivities than those with sparse vegetation. Columns receiving more storm volume have lower hydraulic conductivities. Due to high loading rates, undersized biofilters will lead to a more rapid reduction in hydraulic conductivity.
Author(s): Minervini, W.P., E. Hong, E.A. Seagren, and A.P. Davis.
Title: “Discussion - of: Sustainable Oil and Grease Removal from Synthetic Stormwater Runoff using Bench-Scale Bioretention Studies”
Journal (Issue): Water Environment Research, 79(4): 447-449.
Study Type: Response to Laboratory Study
Description: This discussion looks back at the paper, Hong et al. (2006). The main issue in this discussion was that the studies insufficiently demonstrated the oil and grease removal by a thin surface-mulch layer, since they did not evaluate performance for systems without a surface-mulch layer. The response from Hong et al. was to look at the publication by Hsieh and Davis (2005) because they tested oil and grease removal for varying media that did not have an organic mulch layer present, and they had excellent removal (>96%).
Author(s): Muthanna, T.M., M. Viklander, G. Blecken, and S.T. Thorolfsson.
Title: “Snowmelt Pollutant Removal in Bioretention Areas”
Journal (Issue): Water Research, 41(18): 4061-4072.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Treatment of roadside snowmelt in bioretention was examined. Three urban roads in Trondheim, Norway, were studied (residential, and roads with medium and high-density traffic). Bioretention boxes had metal retention of 89-99% for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. The top mulch layer was the largest sink for retained metals. Up to 74% of the zinc was retained in the mulch. Plant metal uptakes accounted for 2-8% of total metal retention.
Author(s): Muthanna, T.M., M. Viklander, N. Gjesdahl, and S.T. Thorolfsson.
Title: “Heavy Metal Removal in Cold Climate Bioretention”
Journal (Issue): Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 183(1-4): 391-402.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Heavy metal removal of bioretention media in a cold climate setting was examined using pilot sized bioretention boxes built in Trondheim, Norway. Metal retention was good for both seasons (copper – 72%, lead – 82%, zinc – 90%) and the most dominant metal retention processes were through the mulch and soil column. Plant uptake was measured to be low (2-7%). Hydraulic loading rates were varied, and it was shown that they did not affect treatment efficiency.
Author(s): Muthanna, T.M., M. Viklander, S.T. Thorolfsson.
Title: “An Evaluation of Applying Existing Bioretention Sizing Methods to Cold Climates with Snow Storage Conditions”
Journal (Issue): Water Science and Technology, 56(10): 73-81.
Study Type: Laboratory and Modeling
Description: Eight bioretention sizing and design methods were evaluated for rainfall runoff and snow storage for a cold, coastal climate in Trondheim, Norway. Thirty months of observed data from pilot-scale bioretention boxes were compared to results from the RECARGA bioretention infiltration model. Surface area, ponding time, number and duration of overflow events and snow storage were compared.
Author(s): Rusciano, G.M., and C.C. Obropta.
Title: “Bioretention Column Study: Fecal Coliform and Total Suspended Solids Reductions”
Journal (Issue): Transactions of the ASABE, 50(4): 1261-1269.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: 91.4 cm deep columns, packed with clean medium aggregate concrete sand were able to reduce fecal coliform and total suspended solids (TSS) found in diluted swine manure slurry. The levels found in the slurry matched the ranges found in the literature for urban stormwater. Results showed that bioretention columns could reduce fecal coliform and TSS found in diluted manure slurry. 11 out of 13 simulations reduced fecal coliform concentrations and 10 out of 15 simulations reduced TSS concentrations by more than 90%.
Author(s): Shuster, W.D., R. Gehring, and J. Gerken.
Title: “Prospects for Enhanced Groundwater Recharge via Infiltration of Urban Storm Water Runoff: A Case Study”
Journal (Issue): Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 62(3): 129-137.
Study Type: Case Study and Modeling
Description: Identified regions that had highest potential to abate stormwater quantity and recharge groundwater, using the simulation model RECARGA to predict the response of rain gardens to natural rainfall patterns. The results showed that the highest potential for runoff abatement occurred in soils with the lowest permeability, and these had the lowest groundwater recharge potential. Parcel-scale rain garden hydrology was modeled for 3 soil types in Cincinnati, Ohio, to estimate potential recharge, using actual or measured subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivities.
Author(s): Sun, X., A.P. Davis.
Title: “Heavy Metal Fates in Laboratory Bioretention Systems”
Journal (Issue): Chemosphere, 66(9): 1601-1609.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: This study looked more closely at simulating conditions of natural growth of plants to better understand the fates of heavy metals in bioretention. Different loadings of copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc were periodically applied. Metal accumulations in tissues of grasses were measured. The concentrations in the plant tissues were Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. The fates of the metals were soil media (88-97%), released in effluent (2.0-11.6%), and accumulated in plants (0.5-3.3%). The plant uptake was relatively low compared to the metals retained in the media because the plant biomass produced in this study was low. In order to have a more valuable impact on prolonging lifetime of bioretention cells, biomass density would have to be increased.
Author(s): Weiss, P.T., J.S. Gulliver, and A.J. Erickson
Title: “Cost and pollutant removal of storm-water treatment practices”
Journal (Issue): Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 133(3), 218-229
Study Type: Cost Analysis
Description: Six different types of storm-water BMPs were evaluated for cost and effectiveness of removing TSS and phosphorus. The BMPs evaluated included: dry detention basins, wet basins, sand filters, constructed wetlands, bioretention filters, and infiltration trenches. Typical annual operation and maintenance costs of bioretention filters are 5-7% of construction cost. Estimates of total present cost of BMPs are presented based on water quality volume treated.
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