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2006
Author(s): Davis, A.P., M. Shokouhian, H. Sharma, and C. Minami.
Title: “Water Quality Improvement through Bioretention Media: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal”
Journal (Issue): Water Environment Research, 78(3): 284-293.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Focused on removal of nitrogen species and phosphorus. Bioretention box experiments were set up where water could be sampled from 2 depths in the shallow boxes (61 cm deep) and 3 depths in the deep boxes (91 cm deep). The standard flow rate, duration, and runoff pH were 6 hours, 4.1 cm/hr, and 7.0 respectively. Performance was analyzed for double and half the standard values for flow duration, flow rate, pH in the runoff, and nutrient concentrations. The key findings were phosphorus removal increased up to approximately the 60 to 80 cm depth, most of the TKN was removed in the top few centimeters, and minimal nitrate uptake was measured because nitrate is very mobile.
Author(s): Dietz, M.E., and J.C. Clausen.
Title: “Saturation to Improve Pollutant Retention in a Rain Garden”
Journal (Issue): Environmental Science & Technology, 40(4): 1335-1340.
Study Type: Field
Description: This was an extension of Dietz and Clausen (2005). Examined whether creating a saturated zone in one of the rain gardens could improve retention of pollutants. Results showed significant reductions in nitrate+nitrite-N, ammonia-N, and total-N, where that were found in roof runoff and that total phosphorus significantly increased. The saturated garden had decreased redox potential, but it was unclear if adding a saturated zone would increase the reduction of nitrate+nitrite-N. The reason for it being unclear was several of the samples were at or below the detection limit for nitrate+nitrite-N during the calibration period (without saturated zone) and even more were at or below the limit during the treatment period (with saturated zone).
Author(s): Hatt, B.E., N. Siriwardene, A. Deletic, and T.D. Fletcher
Title: “Filter media for stormwater treatment and recycling: The influence of hydraulic properties of flow on pollutant removal”
Journal (Issue): Water Science and Technology, 54(6-7), 263-271
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: The impact of clogging on pollutant removal efficiency in stormwater biofilters was measured using a one-dimensional laboratory rig. These systems were efficient at removing TSS and other particulate pollutants, even when the biofilter became clogged. Removal of dissolved nutrients was variable and usually had little reduction, if any. Clogging did not improve efficiency, so it is important to prevent clogging to maintain hydraulic capacity and treatment performance, which will extend the life of stormwater biofilters.
Author(s): Heasom, W., R.G. Traver, and A. Welker.
Title: “Hydrologic Modeling of a Bioinfiltration Best Management Practice”
Journal (Issue): Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 42(5): 1329-1347.
Study Type: Field and Modeling
Description: A bioinfiltration cell on Villanova University’s campus in Pennsylvania was monitored and the measured water budget parameters were compared to those from a model of the drainage area and bioinfiltration BMP. The Green-Ampt and kinematic wave methods were used in HEC-HMS to model the field site. The model incorporates seasonally variable parameters (Green-Ampt parameter and surface infiltration rate). A bioinfiltration BMP is designed without underdrains.
Author(s): Hong, E., E.A. Seagren, and A.P. Davis.
Title: “Sustainable Oil and Grease Removal from Synthetic Stormwater Runoff using Bench-Scale Bioretention Studies”
Journal (Issue): Water Environment Research, 78(2): 141-155.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Oil and grease from vehicle emissions is a principle contaminant in urban stormwater runoff. The results from this study showed that a thin layer of mulch was used to effectively trap and remove oil and grease from synthetic runoff. Biodegradation of the following contaminants, sorbed naphthalene, toluene, oil, and particulate-associated naphthalene, took 3, 4, 8, and 2 days, respectively.
Author(s): Hunt, W.F., A.R. Jarrett, J.T. Smith, and L.J. Sharkey.
Title: “Evaluating Bioretention Hydrology and Nutrient Removal at Three Field Sites in North Carolina”
Journal (Issue): Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 132 (6): 600-608.
Study Type: Field
Description: Three bioretention cells examined in central NC. The sites had varying fill media and drainage configurations. Fill media with a high phosphorus-index (P-Index) was shown to export phosphorus. The Greensboro site that was monitored for hydrology showed excellent volume reduction (See Li et al., 2009); however, there was a seasonal effect on outflow reduction. Volume reduction was statistically less during the winter months. Field data did not strongly support the use of an internal water storage layer to reduce nitrate. Concentration and pollutant load data were analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus species, total suspended solids, and heavy metals. Overall performance varied for this field study. Good (volume reduction, load reduction when proper media was used) and poor (phosphorus and organic nitrogen exported from cells when media was saturated with phosphorus and organics) performance.
Author(s): Roseen, R.M., T.P Ballestero, J.J. Houle, P. Avellaneda, R. Wildey, and J. Briggs.
Title: “Storm Water Low-Impact Development, Conventional Structural, and Manufactured Treatment Strategies for Parking Lot Runoff: Performance Evaluations under Varied Mass Loading Conditions”
Journal (Issue): Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1984: 135-147.
Study Type: Field
Description: Treatment was evaluated for water quality performance and volume reduction for a variety of structural BMPs, LID practices, and manufactured BMPs. One of which was bioretention cells. Water quality analysis was done for TSS, hydrocarbons, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and zinc. With the bioretention systems, flows were reduced and delayed over several days. The top performers included the bioretention system because it was routinely achieving removal efficiencies greater than 95% for the analytes tested.
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