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2004
Author(s): Brander, K.E., K.E. Owen, and K.W. Potter.
Title: “Modeled Impacts of Development Type on Runoff Volume and Infiltration Performance”
Journal (Issue): Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 40(4): 961-969.
Study Type: Modeling
Description: Four development types were modeled with and without infiltration practices to determine the effects on urban runoff. The 4 development types include: conventional curvilinear, urban cluster, coving, and new urbanisms. A modified version of the NRCS runoff method was used to model the developments and infiltration practices. Infiltration practices were most effective for small storms and in development with Hydrologic Group A soils. By using infiltration practices to treat much of the impervious areas, significant runoff reductions can be achieved. Infiltration practices like rain gardens were modeled using Infiltration Patch (IP), which is a spreadsheet based model that utilizes and expands upon the NRCS runoff model. IP is not a continuous model and will not simulate ongoing changes in soil moisture conditions. Some of the modeled combinations included having rain gardens treating 10% of the street and another combination had rain gardens treating 10 or 30% of the roof areas.
Author(s): Dussailant, A.R., C.H. Wu, and K.W. Potter.
Title: “Richards Equation Model of a Rain Garden”
Journal (Issue): Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 9(3): 219-225.
Study Type: Modeling
Description: Development of a numerical model that can be applied to rain garden design and evaluation. The model couples Richards Equation with a surface water balance to continuously simulate recharge, runoff, and ET. Three layers are modeled which include: (1) root zone, (2) middle storage layer of high conductivity, and (3) lower subsoil layer. The model was run for the climate in southern Wisconsin, and it showed very high recharge rates during the non-snowfall season. This model did not include snowmelt. Groundwater recharge is maximized when the rain garden area is about 10-20% of the contributing impervious area. By increasing depression depth, recharge and saturation times increase which can affect plant survival. Feasibility of rain gardens with this model depends on subsoil hydraulic conductivity because this model does not include drainage pipes.
Author(s): Graham, P., L. Maclean, D. Medina, A. Patwardhan, and G. Vasarhelyi.
Title: “The Role of Water Balance Modelling in the Transition to Low Impact Development”
Journal (Issue): Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 39(4): 331-342.
Study Type: Modeling
Description: Conventional stormwater management practices focused on quantity and controlling a few extreme rainfall events. LID focuses on treating more frequent storms which represent the majority of total runoff volume and carry most of the pollutants. These frequent events can most effectively be managed with a volume control approach. Using water balance modeling can be an effective tool for evaluating and supporting implementation of LID options. LID options include: bioretention, pervious pavement, other infiltration systems, rainwater harvesting, and green roofs. This paper discusses water balance modeling software that has been recently developed, as well as an Internet-based planning tool and a design optimization tool.
Author(s): Morzaria-Luna, H.M., K.S. Schaepe, L.B. Cutforth, and R.L. Veltman.
Title: “Implementation of Bioretention Systems: A Wisconsin Case Study”
Journal (Issue): Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 40(4): 1053-1061.
Study Type: Field & Case Study for Implementing Bioretention
Description: In a subdivision in Cross Plains, WI, implementing bioretention systems were analyzed through examining archival data interviewing key participants involved in the case study. It was determined that despite regulatory and political pressures encouraging inclusion of bioretention, current stormwater management standards prevailed. Developers had to meet both existing requirements and anticipated rules requiring infiltration, so bioretention systems only supplemented traditional practices and did not replace them. Confusion about dual standards led to substantial delays in the negotiations among relevant stakeholders in the watershed. The results from this case study can be viewed as both a cautionary tale and a success story. In order to incorporate water quality improvement technologies, such as bioretention, careful review and refinement of existing storm water ordinances are necessary. The successful development served as a positive prototype for other BMPs in the region. Water quality data at this site has led to development of the first Wisconsin county ordinance to incorporate quantity and quality of stormwater runoff.
Author(s): Tshabalala, M.A., K.G. Tshabalala, and D.W. Karthikeyan.
Title: “Cationized Milled Pine Bark as an Adsorbent for Orthophosphate Anions”
Journal (Issue): Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 93(4): 1577-1583.
Study Type: Laboratory
Description: Cationized milled pine bark was studied to find more efficient ways to adsorb dissolved phosphorus from surface runoff. Preliminary results in the batch adsorption experiments showed cationized milled pine bark had an estimated maximum adsorption capacity of approximately 12.65 mg phosphate / g. This adsorption capacity compares favorably to other well-known phosphorus sorbents. This material is low-cost and abundant and could be used in mixtures for sorption media to remove dissolved phosphorus from water.
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