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Number 84 July 1997 ISSN 1062-9149
Monitoring of both land treatment and water
quality is necessary to document the effectiveness of nonpoint source
pollution controls in restoring water quality. The Section 319 National
Monitoring Program, administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, is designed to support watershed projects throughout the
country that meet a minimum set of project planning, implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation requirements. The requirements are designed
to lead to successful documentation of project effectiveness with
respect to water quality protection or improvement. The National
Monitoring Program projects comprise a small subset of nonpoint source
control projects funded under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act
Amendments of 1987. The following article continues a series describing
these projects.
Deanna Osmond
NCSU Water Quality Group; NC State University Soil Science
Project Synopsis
The Bad River watershed, located in westcentral
South Dakota, consists entirely of rolling prairie rangeland. Livestock
grazing and dryland wheat farming are the main land uses of the
watershed. The Bad River joins the Missouri River at its mouth, near
Ft. Pierre, South Dakota. Soil erosion, primarily from poor grazing
management and poorly maintained riparian areas, is causing excessive
sedimentation to the main channel of the Missouri River. This has
impaired recreation due to loss of depth in the Missouri channel. Loss
of discharge channel depth for Oahe Reservoir on the Missouri River,
located 10 miles upstream from the mouth of the Bad River, has also
impaired the hydropower generation of Oahe Dam during winter months.
This, in turn, causes flooding in the cities of Pierre and Ft. Pierre.
In 1996, the project was approved by
the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a Section 319 National
Monitoring Program project. Agencies and organizations participating in
the project include private landowners, Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS), South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, Upper Bad River Task Force, Stanley County Conservation
District, and East Pennington Conservation District. Section 319(h)
watershed funds are currently being used in the Bad River watershed to
implement best management practices (BMPs). The watershed has been
given priority status for funding under the U.S. Department of
Agriculture EQUIP (Environmental Quality Incentive Program). Matching
funds for BMP implementation are provided by the State of South Dakota
and participating private ranchers.
The Bad River watershed encompasses 3,209 square
miles of western rangeland. The small streams that feed the main
channel are ephemeral as are the upper reaches of the Bad River itself.
The Bad River enters the Missouri in the town of Ft. Pierre in Stanley
County, South Dakota. The rolling topography of fine-textured, deep,
shale-derived soils allows for significant soil erosion when rangeland
and cropland is not properly managed. The project area supports an
abundance of wildlife including mule deer, pronghorn antelope,
porcupines, bobcats, prairie grouse, and numerous other species. The
official beneficial uses of the Bad River include warmwater marginal
fish life propagation waters, limited contact recreation waters,
wildlife propagation and stock watering waters, and irrigation waters.
Project Time Frame
1996_2006
Pre-Project Water Quality
The main impairments to the Bad River are sediment
from runoff and streambank erosion. Soil erosion, primarily from
rangeland and riparian areas, is the primary source of the stream
sediment. The load of sediment from the Bad River creates a problem in
the Missouri near the mouth of the Bad River. Loss of channel capacity
and water clarity impacts on sport fishing are problems on the Missouri
in the Pierre area due to the Bad River sediment.
This area of South Dakota receives an average of
15_16 inches of rainfall per year. Most of the precipitation is derived
from thunderstorm events during the spring and summer, although
snowmelt produces significant runoff. On average, there are four storms
in the year that produce enough rainfall to produce runoff in the
tributaries. Runoff usually lasts for four to five days per storm
event.
Land use in the watershed is primarily
agricultural and consists of 75% rangeland and 25% dryland wheat
farming. A large portion of the upper end of the Bad River watershed is
owned by the U.S. Forest Service. Rotational grazing practices have
been implemented on the federal rangeland and also on many private
ranches.
Project Water Quality Objective
The main objective of the project is to document
water quality improvements in the treatment subwatersheds through the
implementation of BMPs.
Nonpoint Source Control Strategy
The nonpoint source pollution control strategies
vary for the different subwatersheds that are being treated. Best
management practices expected in the eastern part of the watershed
include riparian management (cross-fencing, willow plantings, and
alternative feed and watering sites) and rangeland management
(rotational grazing). These practices will be implemented in the lower
treatment subwatershed, Powell Creek watershed, which is comprised of
11,221 acres. The lower control watershed, Ash Creek, has 13,702 acres.
The upper paired watersheds are located in the
western part of the watershed. The upper treatment watershed will
receive riparian management, small dam structures, and water spreaders.
Whitewater South Creek (6,605 acres) will serve as the upper control
watershed, while Whitewater North Creek (6,780 acres) is the upper
treatment watershed where the BMPs will be implemented.
Riparian habitat will be monitored during the
project. Five riparian reaches will be selected for each subwatershed.
A stream channel cross section and stream classification (Rosgen
method) will be obtained for each reach and during the duration of the
project, cross sections will be completed annually. Photographs will be
utilized to show changes during the project and riparian information
will be entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS).
Rangeland will be monitored by measuring range
condition and vegetative cover during the project period. Range
condition will be determined at the start of the project, five years
into the project, and at the end of the project. Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) personnel will rate the range condition
using the NRCS South Dakota Technical Guide range site
descriptions. The Robel Pole method will be used to determine
vegetative cover at permanent transects located within each
subwatershed (Ash Creek — 21 transects, Powell Creek — 13 transects,
Whitewater North — 10 transects, and Whitewater South — 9 transects).
The Robel Pole measurements will be taken 3 times per transect per
year. This information will be entered into the GIS.
Water Quality Monitoring Design
The Bad River Section 319 National Monitoring
Program project, by using a two-paired watershed design, will determine
the effectiveness of BMPs. The rangeland, cropland, and riparian areas
in the treatment watersheds (Powell Creek in the eastern part of the
Bad River watershed and Whitewater North Creek in the western part of
the watershed) will be treated with appropriate BMPs, such as fencing,
rotational grazing, alternative feeding and watering stations, and
vegetation plantings. All land uses will be monitored regularly and the
information will be tracked by the use of a GIS database.
Because the streams in this area are ephemeral,
monitoring is storm-event driven. On average, four storms per season
produce enough runoff for the streams to flow. Storm event occurrence,
rainfall amounts, and rainfall intensity are compared with the
hydrologic discharge and sediment loads. Complete hydrologic and
sediment loads will be calculated on each storm event. Storm samples
will be flow integrated. During the spring snowmelt period, two 24-hour
composite samples will be collected during the first week of runoff,
with one 24-hour composite sample collected per week until runoff
ceases. Twenty-four-hour composite samples are collected and analyzed
for the duration of flow of each storm event. Samples are to be
analyzed for total suspended sediment; rainfall and stream discharge
are being measured as explanatory variables.
Water Quality Data Management and Analysis
All data collected during the Bad River 319
National Monitoring program will be entered into a relational database,
Microsoft FoxPro. Files will be backed up daily, and the water quality
data will also be stored in the EPA's STORET database. The EPA Nonpoint
Source Management System (NPSMS) software will be used to track and
report data to USEPA.
A GIS map will be constructed for the Bad River
watershed. The GIS will allow cropland and rangeland BMP tracking
throughout the life of the project. Other information, such as
rangeland and riparian conditions, will be entered into the system.
Statistical comparisons of sediment load to
rainfall intensity will be determined by regression analysis at all
four subwatersheds. The effectiveness of implementing watershed BMPs
will be tested through regression and/or correlation analyses.
Information, Education and Publicity
Meetings are currently being held with the ranch
communities to explain the project. The Upper Bad River Task Force, a
group comprised of ranchers and agency personnel that are committed to
improving water quality in the Bad River watershed, is currently
meeting to discuss nonpoint source pollution control strategies. As the
project progresses, it is anticipated that newspaper articles and radio
spots will be used to highlight project activities.
For Further Information
Bill Stewart
South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural
Resources
Joe Foss Bldg.
523 E. Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
(605)773-4254; Fax (605)773-4068
bills@denr.state.sd.us
Land Treatment
David Konechne
Pierre Field Support Office
P.O. Box 1258
Pierre, SD 57501-1258
Wayne Vander Vorste
Pierre Field Support Office
P.O. Box 1258
Pierre, SD 57501-1258
Steven Quissell
Rapid City Field Support Office
Federal Building, Room 239
515 9th St.
Rapid City, SD 57701-2663
INFORMATION
Under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act, the
USEPA has developed the Section 319 National Monitoring Program to
specifically address nonpoint source pollution. Its objectives are
twofold:
To achieve these objectives, the Section 319
National Monitoring Program has selected watersheds across the country
to be monitored over a 6- to 10-year period to evaluate how improved
land management reduces water pollution. National Monitoring Program
projects will help communities and citizens protect their local water
resources by providing information on the effectiveness of tools and
techniques for solving nonpoint source problems.The annual report
provides project profiles for 18 projects.
Copies of the report may be ordered (free) from
NCEPI, P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, OH 45242, Tel: 800-490-9198, Fax:
513-489-8695, or through the NCEPA World Wide Web page at http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom/index.html.
The report may also be ordered at http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/bae/programs/extension/wqg/issues/pub_order.html,
or by writing to Publications Coordinator, NCSU Water Quality Group,
Campus Box 7637, Raleigh, NC 27695-7637, Tel: 919-515-3723, Fax:
919-515-7448, email:
wq_puborder@ncsu.edu (please refer to WQ-101 when placing your
order). The report may also be viewed on the World Wide Web at
http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/wqg/96rept319/COVER-96.html.
An attractive 20-page report explaining the
Section 319 National Monitoring Program, illustrated with color
photographs, has recently been produced by the NCSU Water Quality Group
and printed by U.S. EPA's Nonpoint Source Branch. Twenty projects in
Alabama, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa,
Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin are
highlighed in this report.
Copies of the report may be ordered (free) from
NCEPI, P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, OH 45242, Tel: 800-490-9198, Fax:
513-489-8695, or through the NCEPI World Wide Web page at http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom/index.html,
by using the publications order form at http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/bae/programs/extension/wqg/issues/pub_order.html
or by writing to Publications Coordinator, NCSU Water Quality Group,
Campus Box 7637, Raleigh, NC 27695-7637, Tel: 919-515-3723, Fax:
919-515-7448, email:
wq_puborder@ncsu.edu(please refer to WQ-90 when placing your
order). A copy of the report may also be viewed at http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/wqg/319glossy/index.html,
and can be downloaded in Adobe Acrobat (PDF) format.
Proceedings of the Fourth National Nonpoint Source
Watershed Projects Workshop, held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,
September 16-20, 1996, have been published by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This year's workshop was hosted by the Pequea-Mill
Creeks Project and cosponsored by U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland Department of Natural
Resources, U.S. Department of Agriculture_Natural Resources
Conservation Service, Penn State Cooperative Extension, and
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.
Workshop presentations focused on providing
technical and scientific support to nonpoint source watershed projects
having long-term land treatment and water quality monitoring
components, highlighting implementation and monitoring of ground water
protection and pasture management practices, integrating technical and
scientific information from small scale nonpoint source projects into
regional watershed programs, and demonstrating relevance and
transferability of lessons learned in implementing nonpoint source
control and monitoring programs to large regional ecosystems.
Copies of the report may be ordered (free) using
the publications order form at http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/bae/programs/extension/wqg/issues/pub_order.html
or
by writing to Publications Coordinator, NCSU Water Quality Group,
Campus Box 7637, Raleigh, NC 27695-7637, Tel: 919-515-3723, Fax:
919-515-7448, email:
wq_puborder@ncsu.edu (please refer to WQ-102 when placing your
order).
<>The NCSU Water Quality Group has
created a new WWW home page for Section 319 National Monitoring Program
project documents. The home page address is:
http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/wqg/319index.html.
This WWW page will also link directly to the
USEPA Office of Water Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program home
page.
Daniel E. Line
NCSU Water Quality Group
The increase in impervious surfaces associated
with urbanization can greatly alter the hydrology of a watershed by
increasing the amount and rate of rainwater that runs off the land.
This change in runoff can overload the capacity of streams and rivers,
causing flooding and severe streambank and streambed erosion
downstream. Urban stormwater runoff is also a major source of water
pollution. Rainwater washes pollutants such as metals, solids, and
nutrients off roofs, streets, and other impervious surfaces directly
into waterways via storm drains.
While the emphasis of most of the 319 National
Monitoring Program (NMP) projects has been on agricultural nonpoint
sources of pollution, an entirely urban watershed project and an urban
component to an existing project have been added to the NMP. The Jordan
Cove, Connecticut, and Long Creek, North Carolina, projects are
assessing urban nonpoint source pollution and methods of its control.
In the Long Creek project, urban controls including streambank
stabilization and a constructed wetland have been implemented along an
urban stream called Kaglor Branch.
To address water quality degradation associated
with urbanization, the City of Gastonia is working with Long Creek
project personnel to implement and evaluate stormwater and streambank
protection measures along Kaglor Branch, a tributary of Long Creek.
Kaglor Branch drains a 1,700-acre highly industrialized urban watershed
where nearly 80% of the land area is covered with impervious surfaces.
Initial monitoring has shown that water quality in Kaglor Branch is
degraded by sediment and nutrients, most likely from urban stormwater
runoff, construction activities, and eroding streambanks. The
management plan for the Kaglor Branch watershed includes: (1) urban
stormwater controls, (2) streambank stabilization, and (3) education.
The City of Gastonia and Long Creek project
personnel have reshaped streambanks and have planted native willow and
dogwood cuttings to stabilize areas of eroding banks along 1,500 linear
feet of Kaglor Branch in Rankin Lake Park. The "willow-post" method was
chosen because material, installation, and maintenance costs are low
and because the natural, self-sustaining environment that is created
provides long-term erosion control. The willow and dogwood trees may
also help provide habitat for aquatic organisms as well as be
aesthetically pleasing. The willow and dogwood cuttings stabilize
eroding streambanks by two means. First, the willow and dogwood root
networks bind streambank soils together. Second, the willow and dogwood
foliage slow floodwaters near the streambank and help reduce erosion
downstream. Hardwood log revetments were also installed in the banks at
baseflow water elevation to prevent toe erosion in meanders. An
education program will target industries and homeowners in the Kaglor
Branch watershed and will stress pollution prevention and the
importance of total watershed management through awareness campaigns
such as Adopt-A-Watershed and Storm Drain Stenciling.
The location of a municipal park along a section
of Kaglor Branch that floods regularly provided an excellent
opportunity to demonstrate and monitor the effectiveness of a
constructed wetland for stormwater treatment. The use of stormwater
wetlands to remove pollutants from urban runoff has attracted great
interest in recent years and therefore evaluation and demonstration of
the practice were considered timely. The wetland was designed such that
stormwater from events with greater that 2-year return periods could
result in overflow from Kaglor Branch into the wetland according to
computed stage-discharge relationships and runoff rates from the TR55
model. The wetland (0.4 acres) is undersized for the 1600-acre highly
urbanized drainage area due to design and space constraints; therefore,
this study tests the limits of wetland effectiveness.
The wetland is configured such that water from
Kaglor Branch will spill over an inflow control weir into a sediment
forebay (sediment settling pool) before spilling over a level earthen
berm into a shallow marsh system. The sediment forebay will reduce flow
velocities to the wetland, trap coarse sediments before they enter the
wetland, and provide some stormwater detention. Within the marsh
system, areas of high marsh and a small island will be alternated with
areas of low marsh to increase the dry weather flow path and the
adsorptive capacity of the wetland, and to improve the conditions for
microbial growth. The high marsh was planted with juvenile soft rush
(Juncus effusus), wolf grass (Scirpus cyperinus), switchgrass (Panicum
virgatum), blueflag iris (Iris versicolor), and arrow arrum (Peltandra
virginica). Water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica), pickerel weed
(Pontederia cordata), and duck potato (Sagittaria latifolia) were also
planted as seeds. The plants, which were donated by the Natural
Resource Conservation Service, will enhance the uptake and conversion
of nutrients and reduce flow velocity to promote sediment deposition.
A shallow micropool and a weir
with an adjustable flashboard riser will be constructed at the outlet
of the wetland to maintain a normal pool level of 3 feet in the
sediment forebay, 0-6 inches in the high marsh areas, 6-18 inches in
the low marsh areas, and 2 feet in the micropool. The flashboard riser
will allow experimentation of varying water depths, and automatic
samplers and water depth recorders at the inlet and outlet will provide
the water quality and flow data necessary to determine the
effectiveness of the wetland. Once the wetland is in place, a boardwalk
with a series of educational signs, benches, and lookout posts will be
constructed.
Deanna Osmond, who has worked for the past five
years as a Water Quality Extension Specialist in the NCSU Water Quality
Group, accepted a position in the Soil Science Department at North
Carolina State University effective May 1st. This newly created
position focuses on nutrient management and water quality issues in
nutrient sensitive river basins and, in particular, the Neuse River
Basin. As an Assistant Professor, Deanna will conduct research,
continue to work as an Extension Specialist, and continue to work with
the Group's water quality projects.
Deanna was instrumental in the development of
WATERSHEDSS, an Internet-based decision support system developed under
U.S. EPA's Landscape Feature Project grant. She provided technical
assistance to selected nonpoint source pollution control projects in
the areas of project planning and water quality/land treatment
monitoring and reporting under the U.S. EPA Nonpoint Source Watershed
Project Studies grant, in addition to coordinating the documentation
for the EPA 319 projects. Deanna was the Principal Investigator for the
North Carolina Farm*A*Syst/Home*A*Syst project, for which she
coordinated and co-wrote a series of fact sheets on wellhead protection
for ground water drinking supplies. Deanna also served as author and
task manager for numerous water quality publications and projects.
Judith Gale, editor of NWQEP NOTES for
the past six years, bid farewell to the Water Quality Group in March
and embarked on a new adventure: opening her own environmental
consulting business, Galeforce Consulting. In her new situation, Judith
is continuing her work as a project manager, multi-disciplinary team
leader, water quality specialist, writer, and editor.
Judith made significant contributions to the
efforts of the Water Quality Group as task manager and editor of the
Rural Clean Water Program evaluation reports and fact sheets; project
manager of the three-year U.S. EPA Landscape Feature Project; and as
author, editor, or task manager for many other water quality
publications. Most recently, she served as task manager and editor for
the first draft of a guidance document on controlling agricultural
nonpoint source pollution being prepared for the U.S. EPA Nonpoint
Source Control Program.
Deanna and Judith have been
tremendous assets to the NCSU Water Quality Group. We wish them the
very best in their new responsibilities.
1998 International Water Resources
Engineering Conference: Aug 3-7, Memphis, TN. Abstract deadline:
October 15, 1997. Amer Soc of Civil Eng, Conference & Expositions
Dept, 1801 Alexander Bell Dr, Reston, VA 20191-4400, Tel: 800-548-2723
ext. 6009, Fax: 703-295-6144
Soil and Water Conservation Society — 52nd
Annual Conference — Managing Ecosystems on a Watershed Basis: July
22-25, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. SWCS, 7515 NE Ankeny Rd., Ankeny,
IA 50021-9764, Tel: 515-289-2331 or 800-THE-SOIL, Fax: 515-289-1227,
email:
swcs@swcs.org, web site: http://www.swcs.org
Global Challenges in Ecosystem Management
in a Watershed Contect — An International Symposium: July 25-26,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. SWCS, 7515 NE Ankeny Rd., Ankeny, IA
50021-9764, Tel: 515-289-2331 x.18 or 800-THE-SOIL x.18, Fax:
515-289-1227, email: swcs@swcs.org,
website: http://www.swcs.org
American Soc Agric Engineers —
International Annual Meeting: Aug 10-14, Minneapolis, MN. ASAE
Society Services Group, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659,
Tel: 616-429-0300, Fax: 616-429-3852, email: hq@asae.org
5th Symposium on Biogeochemistry of
Wetlands: Sept 16-19, London, UK. Royal Hollaway Inst for
Environmental Research, Royal Holloway Univ of London, Huntersdale,
Callow Hill, Virginia Water, GU25 4LN, UK, Tel: 44-0-1784-477404, Fax:
44-0-1784-477427, email:
rhier@rhbnc.ac.uk, web site: http://www.vms.rhbnc.ac.uk/~uhfa060/POSTER.HTM
National Water Quality Watershed Project
Symposium: Sept 22-26, Washington, DC. Lyn Kirschner, Conservation
Technology Information Center, 1220 Potter Dr, Ste 170, W Lafayette, IN
47906; Tel: 317-494-9555; Fax: 317-494-5969; emal: ctic@ctic.purdue.edu
WEFTEC '97 International Conference: Oct
18-22, Chicago, IL. Water Environment Federation, Tel: 800-666-0206
AWRA 33rd Annual Conference &
Symposium: Oct 19-23, Long Beach, CA. AWRA, 950 Herndon Pkwy, Ste
300, Herndon, VA 22070-5531, Tel: 703-904-1225, Fax: 703-904-1228,
email: awrahq@aol.com
Karst-Water Environ Symposium &
Workshop: Oct 30-31, Roanoke, VA. T.M. Younos, VA Water Resources
Res Cntr, 10 Sandy Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State Univ,
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0444, Tel: 540-231-8039, Fax: 540-231-6673, email:
tyounos@vt.edu
Fifth Biennial Stormwater Research
Conference: Nov 5-7, Tampa, FL. Diane Caban, Southwest Florida
Water Management District, 2379 Broad Street, Brooksville, FL
34609-6899, Tel: 352-796-7211 ext. 4297, Fax: 352-754-6883
Bridging the Gap Between Technology &
Implementation of Surface Water Quantity and Quality Models in the Next
Century, April 19-23, Las Vegas, NV. First Federal Interagency
Hydrologic Modeling Conference. Don Frevert, Tel: 303-236-0123, or Don
Woodward, Ph: 202-720-0772, web site: http://h2o.usgs.gov/public/wicp
Watershed Management — Moving from Theory
to Implementation: May 3-6, Denver, CO. Technical Programs -
Abstracts, Water Environment Federation, 601 Wythe Street, Alexandria,
VA 22314-1994, Tel: 703-684-2400
Extension Natural Resources Conference: May
17-20, Deerwood, MN. Elaine Andrews, UWEX Environmental Resources
Center, 216 Agriculture Hall, Madison, WI 53706, Tel: 608-262-0142,
Fax: 608-262-2031, email: eandrews@facstaff.wisc.edu,
web site: http://www.uwex.edu/erc/ywc
and http://www.uwex.edu/erc
NWQEP NOTES is issued
bimonthly.
Subscriptions are free. NWQEP NOTES is also available on the
World Wide Web at http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/bae/programs/extension/wqg/issues/index.html.
To request that your name be added to the mailing list, use the
enclosed publication order form or send an email message to wq_puborder@ncsu.edu. A
publications order form listing all publications on nonpoint source
pollution distributed by the NCSU Water Quality Group is included in
each hardcopy issue of the newsletter and is also available at http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/bae/programs/extension/wqg/issues/pub_order.html.
Your views, findings, and suggestions are welcome.
Janet Young
Interim Editor, NWQEP NOTES
NCSU Water Quality Group
Campus Box 7637, NCSU
Raleigh, NC 27695-7637
Tel: 9195158182, Fax: 9195157448
email: notes_editor@ncsu.edu
Production of NWQEP NOTES is funded
through U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Grant No. X825012.
Project Officer: Steven A. Dressing, Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
Program, Office of Water, EPA (4503F), 499 S. Capitol St. SE,
Washington, DC 20460, Tel: 202-260-7110, Fax: 202-260-1977, email:
dressing.steven@epamail.epa.gov, Web Site: http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS
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